Shading effects on spatial growth and biomass partitioning of Cynodon dactylon

Cynodon dactylon is a low-growing C4 weed that is highly sensitive to shading. This species shows severe biomass reductions and highly plastic morphological changes in response to resource availability. The objective of this study was to analyse the effect of shading on the spatial and biomass growth of C. dactylon . Two experiments were carried out exploring different environmental conditions. Six treatments were applied on C. dactylon patches. Daylight and 18%, 41%, 48%, 69% and 85% shading of daylight photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) were imposed in Expt 1 and 0%, 22%, 44%, 50%, 74% and 87% shading of daylight PAR in Expt 2. Patches were slightly elliptical in shape and grew 3.2 and 1.5 cm d⁻¹ with 0% shading, on average, during the whole studied periods in Expts 1 and 2 respectively. Biomass was significantly reduced from 41% shading onwards in Expt 1 and from 50% shading in Expt 2. However, patch extension rate was only significantly reduced from 85% and 74% shading in Expts 1 and 2 respectively. Biomass partitioning was modified by shading in both experiments. A functional analysis of C. dactylon patches showed that the patch extension rate diminished linearly when patch biomass growth rate was lower than 1.66 g d⁻¹; above this value, the extension rate remained constant.     

Restoration of tuber production by exposure to unshaded daylight in Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi shaded during the early tuber formation period

The loss of final tuber weight of Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi by shading during the early tuber formation period (TFP) is overcome by exposure to unshaded daylight thereafter (late TFP). In the present study, the growth parameters that contribute to the dry matter increase (DMI) per day of tubers in the late TFP were examined. DMI of the tuber during the late TFP was determined by that of the whole plant and the ratio of the DMI of the tuber to that of the whole plant during this period. The ratio of the DMI of the tuber to that of the whole plant during the late TFP was significantly correlated with the DMI of the whole plant during the first 14 days of the late TFP. During the late TFP after the exposure to unshaded daylight, DMI of the whole plant correlated with the surface area of the stem (SAS) and net assimilation ratio (NAR), and the SAS correlated with the stem dry weight (DW) and specific stem-surface area (SSA). SSA negatively influenced NAR, but NAR was increased by unshading. During the late TFP after shading, the effect of the decrease of the stem DW due to shading on the DMI of the whole plant was mitigated by the large SAS and high NAR. These results indicate that the growth parameters that contribute to the DMI of tuber during the late TFP after exposure to unshaded daylight are SAS and NAR just after unshading, and SSA during this period.     

The effect of non-inversion tillage and light availability on dispersal and spatial growth of Cynodon dactylon

The invasive ability of Cynodon dactylon is dependent on self dispersal and on cultivation practices. Tillage can seriously change patch biomass and spatial structure, spreading vegetative propagules of the weed. The objectives of this study were: (i) to quantify the effect on non‐inversion tillage on dispersal, establishment and colonization of C. dactylon and (ii) to propose a simple model considering soil cultivation effects and light availability on spatial growth of weed patches. Two experiments were carried out, exploring different soils and environmental conditions. Spatial distribution of vegetative units differed when tillage was conducted with different non‐inversion implements and could be described by simple functions. A minimum patch biomass seems necessary before vegetative structures are vulnerable to movement by cultivation. Only a small proportion of the biomass dispersed from original patches was able to establish. However, simulation showed that the area colonized by C. dactylon mostly increased by means of tillage dispersal, both with and without crop competition, in one growing cycle. It appears sensible to consider changing cultivation practices to reduce weed dispersal and to use crop competition for light to create unsuitable habitats limiting weed colonization.     

不同遮阴处理下施肥对水稻生长及生理特性的影响

太阳辐射减弱是气候变化的重要特征之一,研究太阳辐射减弱对水稻生产的影响,探讨通过施肥能否减缓太阳辐射减弱对水稻生长及生理代谢影响,具有重要的生产实际意义。采用田间模拟试验探讨了不同生育期遮阴条件下施用复合肥和施用硅肥对水稻生长和光合生理特性的影响。采用3因素3水平正交试验设计,遮阴设3水平,即不遮阴（S0,遮阴率为0）、开花-成熟期遮阴（S1,遮阴率为64%）和分蘖-成熟期遮阴（S2,遮阴率为64%）;施用复合肥（N-P₂O₅-K₂O）设3水平,即100（F1）、200 kg·hm^-2（F2）和300 kg·hm^-2（F3）;施用硅肥设3水平,即不施硅（R0）、钢渣200 kg·hm^-2（R1）和钢渣400 kg·hm^-2（R2）。结果表明,遮阴降低水稻株高、叶面积指数（LAI）和胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）,降低产量。与S0对比,S1、S2分别降低产量43.99%和54.24%。S1增加净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）,降低叶绿素含量（SPAD值）,S2则增加SAPD值和Tr,降低分蘖数、Pn和Gs;施用复合肥可提高水稻株高、分蘖数、SPAD值、Pn和Tr,降低Ci和Gs。与F1相比,F2处理下LAI降低10.13%,F3则增加12.13%。与F2相比,F3处理下株高、分蘖数、SPAD值、Pn增加1.28%、8.21%、4.16%、7.64%,Tr则降低0.64%;施用硅肥可提高LAI、Pn、Gs和Tr,降低SPAD值和Ci。与R0相比,R1处理下株高和分蘖数减少1.27%和5.00%,R2处理下则增加0.50%和13.77%。研究认为,模拟太阳辐射减弱条件下,施用复合肥300 kg·hm^-2和硅肥400 kg·hm^-2,可有效减缓遮阴对水稻植株生长和光合作用的不利影响,保持较高产量。     

遮荫条件下O_3胁迫对冬小麦气孔导度影响的模拟

为了探究在遮荫条件下地表O3浓度增加对冬小麦气孔导度的影响,开展了两种不同强度遮荫与开顶式气室（OTC）相结合的大田试验,设置3个处理组：O3浓度为（100±9）nL.L-1结合（60±5）%遮荫的处理组（T1）;O3浓度为（100±9）nL.L-1结合（20±5）%遮荫的处理组（T2）;O3浓度为（100±9）nL.L-1不作遮荫的处理组（CK）。利用SC-1型气孔导度仪测定了3个处理组冬小麦不同生育期的气孔导度值。综合分析了生育期和O3胁迫,以及水汽压差（VPD）、温度（T）、光照（PAR）环境因子的变化对冬小麦气孔导度的影响,采用修正后的Jarvis非线性气孔导度模型模拟了3个处理组的气孔导度值。结果表明：遮荫对大田环境因子均产生了影响,其中,T1、T2处理组8：00—16：00点的平均温度和水汽压差较CK相比分别下降了5.6℃、4.1℃和0.84kPa、0.74kPa;用该模型得到的气孔导度模拟值与观测值进行了比较,R2=0.88,表明模型模拟效果良好;同时,根据O3吸收通量模型计算出T1、T2和CK处理组在整个O3熏蒸时期,冬小麦O3累积吸收通量分别为14.92、15.52、16.23mmolO3.m-2,并由此建立了O3吸收通量（x）与干物质损失（y）的关系分别为：y=1.0-0.038x和y=1.0-0.022x,表明在相同O3胁迫条件下,遮荫导致了冬小麦O3累积吸收通量的差异,在60%和20%遮荫条件下,O3吸收通量增加10mmol.m-2,与CK相比,其干物质累积损失分别为38.0%和22.0%。     

遮阴对珠子参生长发育及光合生理特性的影响

为探明遮阴对珠子参生长发育和光合生理特性的影响,对盆栽珠子参分别采取全光照、30%遮阴和50%遮阴3种处理。在珠子参生长90天后,考察各处理下珠子参植物学性状、生理指标和光合特性。结果表明,与全光照相比,30%遮阴处理下珠子参株高、主茎粗、果实数、根茎直径、叶绿素含量、SOD和POD活性增加,地下根茎节间长度和叶MDA含量减小。遮阴处理后珠子参净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)低于全光照处理,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)则高于全光照处理。遮阴有效地缓解了珠子参的“午休”并降低了光抑制,其中,30%遮阴处理效果最显著,为珠子参的生长提供了较为适宜的环境。     

连栋塑料温室喷雾降温及外遮荫降温试验研究

为解决夏季温室高温、高湿问题,在温室喷雾水膜降温的基础上,直接在内遮荫幕上做喷雾降温试验,并与外遮荫降温系统进行比较。试验结果表明:单独采用内遮荫幕系统可使室内气温比外界低1℃左右;采用在内遮荫幕上喷雾降温,室内气温比室外可低2°～3℃;采用外遮荫降温系统可使室内温度比室外低3°～4℃。     

Comparative performance of the highly invasive Mimosa invisa and its less invasive subspecies under different nutrient and light conditions

Invasive plants may be more plastic than non‐invasive plants and maintain high fitness under various environmental conditions. Previous studies mainly focused on the comparisons between invasive and native plants, and comparisons between highly invasive and less invasive exotic species are still relatively rare, especially for comparisons at the subspecies level. This study examined the effects of nutrient addition and shading on the performance of the highly invasive Mimosa invisa and its less invasive subspecies M. invisa var. inermis under either isolated or competitive conditions. Nutrient addition increased biomass and plant height and decreased root‐to‐shoot ratio (R/S). Shading decreased biomass and R/S and increased plant height. Under isolated conditions, the two invaders did not differ in R/S, plant height and plasticity of these traits in response to nutrient addition or shading, and the two invaders also did not differ in biomass production under each of the nutrient and light treatments. When the two invaders competed with each other, M. invisa outcompeted M. invisa var. inermis under high soil nutrient conditions, and the two invaders did not differ in performance under other growth conditions. Thus, only considering competition may we find out the difference between highly invasive species and their closely related, less invasive subspecies. Management of M. invisa should focus on habitats with high soil nutrient availability, in which M. invisa is more likely to dominate.     

Effect of Shading on Gas Exchange of Cotton Leaves Under Conditions of Different Soil Water Contents1

Effect of different shading levels (no-shading, 80% shading, and 40% shading) on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves were investigated under onditions of different soil water contents in summer midday. All cotton leaves exhibited similar basic responses to shading, including decreased netphotosynthetic rates, a tendency to decrease in transpiration rates, and increased stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration. The leaf conductance of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants increased by 28% and 16.7% compared with no-shaded plants at high water, respectively, but the net photosynthetic rates of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants declined by 50% and 14.73%, respectively. Results showed that combined effect of soil moisture and shading on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves was very remarkable.     

增施氮肥、硼肥对花期遮阴条件下玉米籽粒产量的影响

遮阴已成为影响夏玉米产量的重要因子,提高玉米耐阴性可为高产、抗逆栽培提供理论依据。以‘苏玉29’为试验材料,系统研究了小喇叭口期增施氮肥、硼肥缓解花期遮阴胁迫对夏玉米形态建成、物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明：遮阴处理降低了株高、茎粗、单株叶面积和干物质积累量,并延长了散粉吐丝间隔期。与遮阴处理比,小喇叭口期增施硼肥、氮肥不同程度提高了株高、茎粗、单株叶面积和干物质积累量,且同时增施硼肥、氮肥增幅最大。遮阴处理显著增加了秃尖长,降低了穗粒数和粒重,增施硼肥氮肥缓解了遮阴对突尖长、穗粒数和粒重的影响。增施硼肥、氮肥和同时增施硼肥、氮肥处理产量分别较遮阴处理提高36.7%、8.0%和43.1%。遮阴处理降低叶面积影响干物质积累,产量的降低与突尖增长、穗粒数较少和粒重降低有关。小喇叭口期增施硼肥和氮肥是缓解花期遮阴对产量不利影响的有效措施。 关键词：玉米;遮阴;氮肥;硼肥;产量;农艺性状