Proximal sensor-enhanced soil mapping in complex soil-landscape areas of Brazil

Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry and magnetic susceptibility (MS) via magnetometer have been increasingly used with terrain variables for digital soil mapping. However, this methodology is still emerging in many countries with tropical soils. The objective of this study was to use proximal soil sensor data associated with terrain variables at varying spatial resolutions to predict soil classes using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm. The study was conducted on a 316-ha area featuring highly variable soil classes and complex soil-landscape relationships in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The overall accuracy and Kappa index were evaluated using soils that were classified at 118 sites, with 90 being used for modeling and 28 for validation. Digital elevation models (DEMs) were created at 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-m resolutions using contour lines from two sources. The resulting DEMs were processed to generate 12 terrain variables. Total Fe, Ti, and SiO₂ contents were obtained using pXRF, with MS determined via a magnetometer. Soil class prediction was performed using the RF algorithm. The quality of the soil maps improved when using only the five most important covariates and combining proximal sensor data with terrain variables at different spatial resolutions. The finest spatial resolution did not always provide the most accurate maps. The high soil complexity in the area prevented highly accurate predictions. The most important variables influencing the soil mapping were MS, Fe, and Ti. Proximal sensor data associated with terrain information were successfully used to map Brazilian soils at variable spatial resolutions.     

小型U形渠道适宜量水设备浅析

在节水灌溉技术的推广应用中,灌区量水是一项基础的、关键性的技术.灌区量水设施灌区节水、实现水资源高效可持续利用具有重要意义。随着节水农业的发展和水价制度的改革，迫切需要研究并推广可对灌区末级渠系计量的量水设备。抛物线形移动式量水堰板和便携式量水槽是针对小型U形渠道测流而提出的量水设备，具有使用方便，结构简单等优点。通过对2种量水设备的比较，模拟分析了在不同渠道条件下的量水性能指标。结果表明：2种量水设备的量水精度均可满足灌区测流要求；抛物线形移动式量水堰板测流幅度大，渠道适应性好；在可以适用的缓坡渠道条件下，可优选便携式量水槽。     

玉米主要品质便携式检测装置设计与试验

我国玉米产量高,高效、便携、低成本的玉米成分检测技术及其装置对于玉米品质的检测至关重要,基于可见/近红外光谱技术,设计了一款玉米主要品质便携式检测装置。为探究所设计方案的可行性,自行搭建了可见/近红外光谱采集系统,对不同品种共72份玉米样本进行光谱采集,分别建立了玉米籽粒蛋白质、脂肪和淀粉含量的偏最小二乘（PLS）预测模型以及结合竞争性自适应重加权算法（CARS）的CARS-PLS预测模型。结果表明,CARS方法可以有效筛选出各组分的相关变量,提升模型效果,各组分质量分数的预测集均方根误差（RMSEP）均有所下降, 蛋白质质量分数的RMSEP由0.4866%降至0.4068%;脂肪质量分数的RMSEP由0.1549%降至0.0989%;淀粉质量分数的RMSEP由0.4714%降至0.4675%。预测集相关系数Rp均有所提高,蛋白质质量分数的Rp由0.9309提升至0.9603;脂肪质量分数的Rp由0.9497提升至0.9770;淀粉质量分数的Rp由0.9520提升至0.9605。基于CARS方法所筛选的各组分特征变量,选择了合适的近红外光谱传感器,在此基础上设计了检测装置的光谱采集单元、控制单元、显示单元、电源单元以及散热单元,并基于NodeMCU开发板和Arduino IDE开发工具,采用Arduino语言对装置控制程序进行开发,实现“一键式”快速检测。试验验证了该装置的检测精度和稳定性,结果表明,预测玉米籽粒蛋白质、脂肪和淀粉质量分数的相关系数分别为0.8431、0.8243、0.8154,预测均方根误差分别为0.3576%、0.2318%、0.2333%,相对分析误差分别为1.8577、1.7761、1.5735。对同一样本多次重复预测,各组分预测值的变异系数分别为0.235%、0.241%和0.028%。     

基于嗅觉和光谱技术融合的面粉脂肪酸值定量检测

提出了一种基于比色传感器数据和近红外光谱特征融合的储藏期面粉脂肪酸值的定量检测方法。开发比色传感器阵列、搭建便携式近红外光谱测量系统,分别采集不同储藏期面粉样本的比色传感器数据和近红外光谱。利用主成分分析分别对预处理后的比色传感器数据和近红外光谱数据进行特征降维,采用五折交互验证法在反向传播神经网络(BPNN)模型校正过程中进行优化,确定基于单技术分析模型的最佳主成分(PCs)个数。将优化后的基于单技术模型的最佳PCs在特征层进行融合,建立基于融合特征的BPNN分析模型,以实现对面粉储藏过程中脂肪酸值的快速检测。实验结果显示,基于比色传感器特征和基于近红外光谱特征建立的最佳BPNN模型的最佳PCs数量分别为3和4,基于融合特征建立的BPNN模型在预测集中的相关系数和预测均方根误差的均值分别为0.9276和1.9345 mg/(100 g)。研究表明,与单技术数据分析模型相比,基于比色传感器数据和近红外光谱特征融合模型的检测精度和泛化性能都有所提高。本研究可为粮食储藏品质的高精度原位监测提供一种技术方法。     

便携式山核桃高空拍打采摘机设计与试验

为了解决我国山核桃高空采摘困难、提高采摘效率、降低采摘成本,根据山核桃果实与树枝分离力试验结果,设计了便携式山核桃仿人工高空拍打采摘装置。阐述了采摘机关键部件设计过程,并对采打机构进行了数学建模与计算,应用ADAMS对采打机构进行仿真,确定了拍打机构的机构与工作参数,为采摘机设计提供了依据。山核桃采摘试验结果表明:果实采净率具有显著性影响(P=0.05),果实采净率随拍打频率的增大而增大,频率在13.33 Hz时达到最大值,采净率为90.3%;对枝芽损伤较小,但拍打频率越大,对枝芽损伤越明显,建议拍打频率采用10~13.33 Hz,此时平均采净率达到85.1%~90.3%,且对枝芽没有破坏性损伤。     

新旧版便携式林业机械和园林机械噪声测定规范国际标准的分析与研究

对2011年版便携式林业机械和园林机械噪声测定规范ISO 22868与其上一版本进行对比分析,归纳了新旧版国际标准变化的主要内容,并进行了总结及提出建议.     

便携式木材绞盘机新型卷筒离合器设计

在利用便携式木材绞盘机进行木材生产试验过程中,发现卷筒离合器在分离与接合过程中易出现卡阻现象,从而影响集材生产效率。在对牙嵌式离合器结构进行受力分析和卡阻原因分析的基础上,基于Solid Works的建模分析设计方法,设计了一种新型多孔旋转圆柱式卷筒离合器,该方法有效缩短了新型卷筒离合器的设计周期。新型卷筒离合器采用圆柱销与圆孔的嵌合,代替牙嵌式离合器牙嵌轴与牙嵌套的嵌合,同等试验条件下,旋转柱销式卷筒离合器平均分离时间分别比柱销式卷筒离合器节省3.71 s、比牙嵌式卷筒离合器节省8 s,改善了便携式木材绞盘机卡阻后离合器分离困难的现象,节约了离合器分离时间,从而有效提高了便携式木材绞盘机在集材作业中的生产效率。     

The use of a new portable erosion measuring device for assessing the erodibility of the surface layers of flood embankments

When a river overtops its flood banks, water running down the landward side of the bank can rapidly erode the soil surface and scour the bank, sometimes leading to breaches and collapse. A covering of living vegetation, particularly grass, can reduce this risk of water erosion. As part of a project to assess the effectiveness of different management regimes on bank vegetation cover, direct measurements were required of the erodibility of the soil surface. A portable erosion measurement device (EMD) was developed by LAB Coastal with the support of the Environment Agency. This could direct water flowing at known velocities across areas of the flood banks, and it was used to test directly the erosion resistance of vegetated grass banks at three sites. The EMD gave a direct measure of the erodibility of a small sample of flood bank. While measurements of soil strength and assessments of vegetation cover were useful, they did not always correctly characterize the stability of the bank surface as measured directly by the EMD. The EMD and its use are described and the results obtained are discussed. The results indicate that flood banks need to be mown at least once a year to make them less vulnerable to erosion.     

轴流式风力灭火机的研究初探

阐述了国内外便携式风力灭火机的发展现状,同时从灭火性能方面对轴流风机与离心风机的优缺点进行了比较,探讨了研制轴流式风力灭火机存在的问题.