浅析营林技术与杨树天牛治理

危害吉林省洮南市杨、柳、榆等树种的主要蛀干害虫是天牛,笔者回顾多年来防治杨树天牛的实践,采用营林技术来治理天牛,可以实现有效抵制天牛危害。     

转基因黑杨的抗虫性测定与分析

对大田移植的转基因杨树的PCR分析表明：5个转Bt单基因杨树无性系(FB40、FB45、FB56、FB59、FB60)和4个转双价基因(Bt和CpTI)杨树无性系(D9、D18、D27、D32)均检测到了Bt基因特异片段。在检测的12个转基因杨树无性系中，ELISA结果表明，转双价基因杨树无性系中以D18的Bt杀虫蛋白表达量最高，Bt杀虫蛋白含量达6754ng／g鲜叶，约占植物可溶性蛋白的0．090％；在转Bt单基因杨树无性系中以FB51表达量最高，达6796ng／g鲜叶，占植物可溶性蛋白的0．036％。     

Biomass Fly Ash as Foliar Fertilizer for Hybrid Aspen Trees: Nutrient Uptake,Growth Response,and Compatibility with Nitrogen Fertilizer

Biomass ash is an important and potentially useful by-product of the bioenergy industry. As a “proof of concept” for using biomass fly ash as a foliar fertilizer, we tested (i) whether the nutrients in the ash were absorbed by hybrid aspen trees, (ii) whether the ash affected tree growth, and (iii) whether the ash was compatible with nitrogen foliar fertilizer. Four foliar treatments (water [control], ash suspended in water, nitrogen fertilizer solution, and ash suspended in nitrogen fertilizer solution) were evaluated. Several nutrients in the fly ash were absorbed by hybrid aspen both in the greenhouse and in the field; however, this absorption did not significantly affect tree growth in either setting. Nitrogen fertilization was associated with significantly higher tree growth in the greenhouse; inclusion of the fly ash with the nitrogen fertilizer solution did not significantly alter this growth response.     

Lignin modification improves the biofuel production potential in transgenic Populus tomentosa

Lignin has been recognized for its negative impact on forage digestibility, tree pulping properties, and cellulosic biofuel production, although it is the major structural component of the secondarily thickened cell walls of vascular plants. Earlier studies have demonstrated that lignin modification improves forage digestibility and poplar pulping properties. To determine whether lignin modification has beneficial effect on saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass, we pretreated and then enzymatically hydrolyzed the mature wood from transgenic poplar plants that expressed the antisense transgenes of monolignol biosynthesis genes 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL) or caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT). Firstly, a long-term field trial was set up for the transgenic plants. Over five years, the reduced trend of lignin content remained stable in all transgenic lines. And a total lignin reduction of up to 10% did not alter the growth rate or biomass yield of the transgenic poplars. In the mature wood, suppression of CCoAOMT increased saccharification potential, but 4CL down-regulation had no significantly positive effect on saccharification. Sugar yield were negatively correlated with soluble lignin content of dried, extractive-free stem biomass. These results imply that lignin modification can facilitate the process of saccharification for biofuel production in tree crops.     

杨树新杂种（无性系）ISSR指纹图谱的构建

【目的】构建2个白杨新杂交种无性系及其亲本的指纹图谱,为杨树林木的品种鉴定和白杨的育种提供理论依据。【方法】以2个白杨新杂种无性系(品种编号为02-9-22和02-12-29)及其母本银白杨I-101杨、父本84K杨为4个供试杨树品种,先以2个亲本为材料,从30个ISSR引物中选取多态性好的引物,再用筛选出的引物对4个杨树品种进行基因组多态性分析和遗传关系分析,并构建指纹图谱。【结果】利用筛选出的10个引物共扩增出95条条带,其中多态性条带70条,多态性条带率为73.68%,条带大小为100～1 000bp。聚类分析表明,2个杂交新品种与父本84K的亲缘关系较近,相似系数分别为0.737和0.874;与母本的亲缘关系稍远,相似系数分别为0.674和0.705。最终用807,834,836和841共4个引物构建了杨树新杂种的指纹图谱。【结论】用于构建指纹图谱的4个引物都可对试验中的4个杨树品种进行鉴别与区分。     

Biosafety assessment of transgenic poplars overexpressing xyloglucanase (AaXEG2) prior to field trials

We performed biosafety assessments of transgenic poplars prior to field trials. Constitutive expression of the Aspergillus aculeatus xyloglucanase in Populus alba increased the cellulose content and specific gravity of its stem, the leaves of which were visibly greener, thicker, and smaller than those of the wild-type plant. Although the young transgenic poplars grew faster than the wild type in a growth chamber, there was no distinguishable difference in growth between the poplars when they were placed in a special screened greenhouse. Allelopathic tests showed that the transgenic poplars do not produce harmful substances. Based on all the biosafety assessments and the scientific literature on poplar species, we came to the conclusion that transgenic poplars probably do not disturb the biological diversity of the surrounding environment, even when they are submitted to field trials.     

Growth response to the stress of low osmotic potential,salinity and high pH in cultured shoot of Chinese poplars

In vitro cultured shoots of three Chinese poplar species (Populus tomentosa, P. alba cv. Pyramidalis andP. euphratica) and an improved poplar (FS-51), as a control, were exposed to the stress of low osmotic potential, salinity and high pH, and the shoot growth was measured.P. tomentosa andP. euphratica could grow even under the high osmotic stress (0.5m mannitol; −1.7 MPa).P. euphratica shoots which were previously cultured on the medium containing 0.7m mannitol (−2.4 MPa) recovered its growth after being transplanted to the medium without mannitol. The shoot growth ofP. euphratica was not so reduced even on the medium containing 100 mM NaCl. However, growth of the other poplars markedly reduced with 10 mM NaCl. Medium pH (pH 5.8–10) also did not affect the shoot growth ofP. euphratica. These poplars have different tolerance to the stresses in cultured shootin vitro. P. euphratica was extremely tolerant to the stresses which are possible to damage plants in dry land. A part of this study was presented at the 104th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society. (1993).     

Planted forests: poplars

Poplars (Populus spp.) have been planted in Europe and Asia since very early times. Known in the Near East as the blessed tree, poplars have been the primary timber producer in regions lacking natural forests in the northern hemisphere. Now, though, we are seeing poplar plantations becoming part of the forest resources even in the abundantly forested Pacific Northwest. Though still a minor contributor to the world's timber supply, the area of land planted to poplars is, nevertheless, increasing rapidly, particularly in China, South Korea, and the United States. The 1992 report from the International Poplar Commission listed nineteen countries with at least 10,000 ha of planted poplars and seven with more than 100,000 ha. Much of the success of poplar plantations results from the breeding of fast-growing and disease-resistant poplar hybrids. Accordingly, at least eleven countries support poplar breeding programs. Uses of poplar wood range from peeled poles for rafters and other elements of construction in agrarian economies to the manufacture of paper, plywood, oriented strand board, and engineered lumber in industrial nations. Interest has also developed in poplar plantations as a renewable source of energy.     

速生杨树套栽杞柳的试验研究

在沂沭河两岸河阶地上,进行了杨树套栽高产值水土保持林杞柳试验.结果表明,在同等地力条件下,套栽杞柳的经济收入是套种农作物收入的1.68倍,平均增收18 720元/hm2,增长率为67.5,并能有效地促进杨树的生长发育,套栽杞柳的平均活立木材体积是套种农作物的1.87倍,平均增加40.8 m3/hm2,增长率为87.5,其效益以杨树株行距4 m×6 m栽植密度最好,而2种栽植密度的杨树最终单位面积活立木材积量基本持平.     

内蒙古几种乡土杨树生长量的主成分分析

本文用主成分分析方法，对内蒙古几种乡土杨树扦插苗及１０年生树木的生长量指标进行综合分析，初步认为：内蒙古几种乡土杨树生长量综合指标由大到小的顺序为黄花杨、展枝小青杨、杂种杨、白皮杨、二青杨、内蒙杨、青皮杨、兴安杨。黄花杨、展枝小青杨生长量较大。