Roughness of biopores and cracks in Bt‐horizons assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy

In structured soils, water and reactive solutes can preferentially move through larger inter‐aggregate pores, cracks, and biopores. The surface roughness of such macropores is crucial for describing microbial habitats and the exchange of water and solutes between macropores and the soil matrix together with other properties. The objective of this study was to compare the roughness of intact structural surfaces from the Bt‐horizons of five Luvisols developed on loess and glacial till and to test the applicability of confocal laser scanning microscopy. Samples of 5 to 10 cm edge length with intact structural surfaces including cracks with and without clay‐organic coatings, earthworm burrow walls, and root channels were prepared manually. The surface roughness of these structures was determined with a confocal laser scanning microscope of the type Keyence VK‐X100K. The root‐mean‐squared roughness (R_q) the curvature (R_cu) and the ratio between surface area and base area (R_A) were calculated from selected surface regions of interest of 0.342 mm² with an elevation resolution of 0.02 µm. The roughness was smaller for coated as compared to uncoated cracks and earthworm burrows of the Bt‐horizons. This reduction of roughness by the illuviation of clayey material was similar for the structural surfaces of the coarser textured till‐Bt and the finer‐textured loess‐Bt. This similarity suggested a dominant effect of pedogenesis and a minor effect of the parent material on the roughness levels of structural surfaces in the Bt‐horizons. An expected “smoothing” effect of burrow wall surfaces by earthworm activity was not reflected in the roughness values compared to those of uncoated cracks at the chosen spatial scale. However, for root channel walls from one loess‐Bt, the roughness was reduced as compared to that of other structures. These results suggest that the surface roughness of the structural surface types should separately be considered when describing preferential flow and macropore‐matrix exchange or analysing root growth, microbial habitats, and colloidal transport in structured soils. The confocal laser scanning microscopy technique was found useful for characterizing the roughness of intact structural surfaces.     

可食性保鲜涂膜对冷藏黄花梨品质的影响

为探讨可食性涂膜对冷藏黄花梨的保鲜效果,研究了虫胶和森帕尔2种保鲜膜浸涂的黄花梨在冷藏（4℃）过程中的品质变化的规律,并利用核磁共振成像检测了储藏结束后的黄花梨内部品质变化。结果表明,与直接冷藏的对照组相比,2种可食性保鲜膜处理均可显著降低黄花梨在储藏过程中的呼吸速率和失重,在储藏结束后,分别仅为对照组的74%～80%和68%～81%。并能够减少储藏过程中可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、抗坏血酸含量的变化,维持较低的核磁共振信号强度。与森帕尔保鲜膜相比,除在核磁共振信号强度无显著差异外,虫胶保鲜膜具有更好的保鲜效果。     

工程车辆翻车事故中司机头部伤害与保护仿真

为了研究司机的头部在碰撞中的机械响应特性,该文采用有限元三维实体建模技术,建立了成人头部碰撞模型。通过虚拟试验方法使用成人头部模型对驾驶室内饰进行冲击分析,比较不同厚度和密度的聚氨酯泡沫对人体头部损伤评价指标的影响。结果表明：头部损伤值（HIC(d)）随着泡沫厚度的增加而减小,随着密度的增大,呈现先减后增的二次抛物线趋势。在驾驶室内壁覆盖18 mm厚的聚氨酯泡沫材料可以降低翻车事故中二次碰撞对司机头部的损伤。     

高温煅烧纤维素纳米晶体对水性木器涂膜耐霉性能的影响

研究了高温煅烧前后纤维素纳米晶体(CNC)添加量对水性涂膜硬度、附着力、抗冲击强度、色差及对水性涂膜耐霉性能的影响。结果表明:加入CNC与高温煅烧后CNC的水性涂膜硬度均能提高,加入CNC的水性涂膜比加入高温煅烧后CNC的水性涂膜硬度高;CNC与高温煅烧后CNC对水性涂膜的附着力和抗冲击力影响不大;CNC对水性涂膜的色差影响最大值为8.4,高温煅烧后CNC对水性涂膜的色差影响最大值为5.7,比高温煅烧前的涂膜色差最大值小2.7,颜色更加均匀;水性木器涂膜中加入高浓度CNC比加入低浓度CNC有更好的耐霉效果,加入高温煅烧后的CNC对木霉有更好的抑制作用。     

Strawberry Shelf Life,Composition, and Enzymes Activity in Response to Edible Chitosan Coatings

A series of active biodegradable coatings based on chitosan, gelatin, starch, and sorbitol with or without monoterpenes (geraniol and thymol) were prepared and applied on fresh strawberry fruit as postharvest treatments. The coated fruits were inoculated with fungal spores of Botrytis cinerea and stored for 7 days at 4 °C. Decay incidence, weight loss, anthocyanins, total soluble solids (TSS), total soluble phenolics (TSP), polygalacturonase (PGase), pectin-lyase (PLase), antioxidant activity, guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and catalase (CAT) were elucidated in the fruits of experimental sets and they were compared with that of controls. The coatings showed a significant effect on the development of quality variables, with the additional effect of geraniol and thymol as a function of the polysaccharide matrix. The coatings inhibited decay incidence, reduced weight loss, delayed changes in the contents of anthocyanin, TSS, and total soluble phenolics; inhibited the increase in G-POD and PPO activities; and retarded the reduction in CAT activity. Compared to the controls, all of the coatings had positive effects on the inhibition of cell wall degrading enzymes (PGase and PLase) and among all the tested coatings, T5, chitosan (1%) + starch (1%) + sorbitol (0.5%) + tween (0.05%) + thymol (0.02%) was the best. This formulation showed also the highest antimicrobial activity and the greatest effect on other physiochemical parameters and it can be suggested to use it as a useful coating agent for extending the shelf-life and maintaining quality of strawberry fruit.     

聚氨酯木材胶粘剂的研究(Ⅰ)--化学组成对粘接力学性能的影响

以多亚甲基多苯基多异氰酸酯（PAPI）和聚醚多元醇为原料合成了一种单组分、室温湿固化的端异氰酸酯聚氨酯胶粘剂。本研究考察了物料的化学组成对胶粘剂粘接木材的力学性能产生的影响。实验表明,与改性二苯基二异氰酸酯（MDI）相比,PAPI合成的胶粘剂对木材粘接干压剪强度提高了60％;将相对分子质量（Mw）为800、1000和2000的聚氧化乙烯二醇（PED）、Mw为300和3000的聚氧化丙烯三醇（N303和N330）以及聚四氢呋喃一氧化丙烯二醇（NG220）按优化的比例复合使用,以改性胺和有机锡复合催化,可有效提高粘接木材的干和湿压剪强度、固化速率以及木破率。Fr-IR光谱证实聚醚多元醇的-OH与PAPI的-NCO反应生成了氨基甲酸酯（-NHCOO-）,但N—H和G=O均以氢键形式存在。     

Improvement of quality and shelf-life of strawberries with edible coatings enriched with chitosan

Strawberry fruit have a very short shelf-life and senescent period due to their high degree of perishability and infection caused by several pathogens that can rapidly reduce fruit quality. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and composites with chitosan (CH) coatings on the shelf-life and overall quality of strawberry fruit. Strawberry fruit dipped for 2 min in solutions of CMC (1%), HPMC (1%), CMC (1%) + CH (1%) and HPMC (1%) + CH (1%) were stored at 11 ± 1 °C, 70–75% RH, while the uncoated fruit served as controls. Fruit coated with edible coatings showed significant delays in the change of weight loss, decay percentage, titratable acidity (TA), pH, total soluble solids (TSS) and ascorbic acid content as compared to uncoated control fruit. In addition, the edible coatings had a positive effect on maintaining higher concentrations of total phenolics and total anthocyanins, which decreased in control fruit due to over-ripening and senescence processes. Compared to the controls, all the coatings had positive effects on the inhibition of cell wall degrading enzymes and among all the tested coatings, CMC + CH and HPMC + CH was superior in inhibiting enzyme activity. These findings suggest that the use of CMC 1% + CH 1% and HPMC 1% + CH 1% coatings are useful for extending the shelf-life and maintaing quality of strawberry fruit.     

聚氨酯橡胶胀形模设计

在生产中大型制件胀形模,由于材料拉伸变形较大,往往导致制件开裂、起皱等问题.小型制件采用聚氨酯橡胶制造胀形模已得到了应用,以此为基础,对摩托车油箱这种较大零件的胀形模进行改进,用聚氨酯橡胶代替原钢制凸模,很好地解决了零件出现的缺陷,在生产中已获得了成功并投入使用.     

PV聚氨酯密封胶在高寒地区水泥混凝土路面的应用

详细地介绍了PV聚氨酯密封胶在高寒地区水泥混凝土路面接缝养护上的应用情况，阐述了PV聚氨酯密封胶的施工工艺和施工方法，对接缝料的配比试验和施工工艺提出了相应的技术要求。同时，分析了使用该材料的经济效益，肯定了在高寒地区的可用性和可推广性。     

纳米SiO_2改性对UV固化水性木器涂料性能的影响

纳米SiO_2为三维网状结构,比表面积大,具有极大的活性,能在涂料干燥时形成网状结构,增强涂料的强度和表面光滑度。且能提高颜料的悬浮性,保持涂料的颜色长久不变。笔者以纳米SiO_2为改性剂,用以研究其对UV固化水性木器涂料的力学性能和光学性能的影响。为扩大UV固化水性木器涂料的产业化应用提供必要的理论依据。