4种植物油热氧化同步荧光光谱分析

以亚麻籽油、大豆油、菜籽油与葵花籽油为原料,在不同温度条件下氧化并测定其不同时间的同步荧光光谱,分析同步荧光光谱及荧光物质变化情况。结果表明,4种植物油不同温度下的同步荧光光谱峰变化主要集中在300~415 nm内,且随着加热时间的延长存在波动现象;在50℃和150℃加热氧化条件下,300,330,375,415 nm这4个峰都存在明显的波动现象;二维相关分析表明,这4个峰的荧光强度变化速率不同,不同油变化差异较大;同种油在不同温度下,4个峰的波动情况、相互关系、变化速率均有明显差异。这些峰的变化与油脂氧化过程中荧光物质和油脂氧化程度的变化有关,可以利用同步荧光光谱的变化特性作为监控油脂氧化的依据。     

同源四倍体及其原二倍体黑皮冬瓜光合光响应模型筛选

为了筛选出最适合黑皮冬瓜Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.的光合光响应模型,为其育种提供理论依据,以同源四倍体及其原二倍体黑皮冬瓜为试验材料,对8种经典的光合光响应模型适用性进行了比较分析。结果表明：二次多项式能够表现出光抑制情况,但在拟合过程中出现暗呼吸速率为正值、光补偿点为负值及无法解释当光强达到饱和后光合速率快速下降的问题;直角双曲线、非直角双曲线及指数函数Ⅰ、指数函数Ⅱ无法直接求取光饱和点、光补偿点,结合常用的光饱和点的计算方法得到的光饱和点与实测值均存在较大的偏差,且指数函数Ⅱ在计算光饱和点时表现出明显的人为性,也无法拟合光抑制情况,但4种模型拟合得到的光补偿点均与实测值相差不大;指数修正模型因系数β为负值,无法求取四倍体黑皮冬瓜材料的光饱和点和最大净光合速率,且拟合得到的四倍体黑皮冬瓜的光补偿点明显低于实测值;直角双曲线修正模型计算得到的暗呼吸速率及二倍体黑皮冬瓜的光饱和点明显低于实测值,但获得的四倍体及其二倍体的最大净光合速率与实测值最接近,说明其在拟合最大净光合速率上有优势;整体上分段函数计算得到的黑皮冬瓜的各光合参数与实测值最为接近,与实测值的平均相对误差最小,也能很好的拟合发生光抑制部分的光响应曲线。分段函数拟合同源四倍体及其原二倍体黑皮冬瓜光合光响应曲线效果较其他模型效果好,分段函数模型为黑皮冬瓜最适合的光合光响应模型。     

箭舌豌豆不同器官对种子产量的贡献

研究了箭舌豌豆不同器官对种子产量的贡献，结果表明：箭舌豌豆种子利用花后光合产物较多，不同器管对箭舌豌豆种子产量的贡献是复叶〉茎〉托叶，叶片对种子产量的贡献与其所在位置有关，花后叶因离荚果较近，其光合产物易于向荚果运输。     

Changes in Endopeptidase Activity during Photosynthetic Declination in Rice Leaf

Two japonica rice varieties, Wuyujing 3 and 97-7, were used to study the changes in contents of soluble protein, free amino acids and endopeptidase activity during photosynthetic declination. The content of soluble protein in flag leaf of cv.Wuyujing 3 was higher than that of cv. 97-7, but decreased rapidly in Wuyujing 3. Free amino acids in flag leaf and the thirteenth leaf of Wuyujing 3 started to increase 10 days before the turning point of photosynthetic declination (TPPD), while it occurred just 1-2 days before TPPD in the flag leaf and the thirteenth leaf of 97-7. During reversible phase of photosynthetic declination,endopeptidase activity remained at a low level and increased slightly only in the later part of this phase. Then it rose up rapidly at irreversible decline phase and reached a very high level. For Wuyujing 3, the change in endopeptidase activity in the thirteenth leaf was parallel to that in flag leaf. However, for 97-7, the rapid increase of endopeptidase activity in the thirteenth leaf started later than that of flag leaf. The results implied that the rate of protein breakdown and conversion to transportable nitrogen in leaves of 97-7 was slower than that in leaves of Wuyujing 3 during photosynthetic declination and it led to relatively lower seed setting rate and fully filling grains rate in 97-7. This may be one of the important reasons why 97-7 could not bring the high yield potentiality into play and the findings may be taken into consideration while breeding for high potential varieties in future.     

Rapid Screening for Aluminum Tolerance in Cereals by Use of the Chlorophyll Fluorescence Test

The effects of aluminum on the photosynthetic apparatus were examined in cereals grown in nutrient solutions (pH 4.5) at two Al levels (0 and 148 μM). The chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics results confirmed that the soft wheat ‘BHG’ cultivar has the potential for growth on acid soils while triticale cultivars ‘Niovi’ and ‘Dada’ appeared to be relatively tolerant. The percentage decrease in F_v/F_m of the less tolerant cultivars after Al-treatment indicated a decrease in the efficiency of the primary photochemistry of PS II, while the decrease in the ratio F_V/F_osuggested that exposure of the cultivars ‘Dio’ and ‘Appulo E’ to aluminum caused injury to the thylakoid structure. The percentage fluctuations of the ratio F_v/F_mwere shown to correlate very closely with the assessment of injury as evaluated by the relative top fresh weight. Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence in vivo could be used to monitor injury caused by “Al-stress”, and thus they may serve as a rapid screening test for Al tolerance.     

水稻中系8541与中系8240光合特性的比较研究

本文通过光合作用参数的测定,详细的研究了中系8541和8240两种不同产量水平的水稻品种的光合特性.论述了在含等量叶绿素的条件下,中系8541和中系8240之间在对光谱的吸收、叶片的光合作用量子转化效率,叶绿体的PSⅡ(光系统Ⅱ)潜在活性(Fv/F_0)和原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm等的主要区别.实验结果说明,上述各光合作用参数中系8541都优于中系8240.不仅如此.在Mg~(2+)作用下,Fv/Fo和Fv/Fm比值的提高以及Mg~(2+)对两个光系统激发能分配的调节能力中系8541也强于中系8240.     

樱桃不同节位叶片光合特性与解剖特征比较研究

以3个甜樱桃栽培品种佐藤锦、斯坦勒和那翁为试材,研究了新梢不同节位叶片光合速率(Pn)变化及叶绿素(Chl.)和比叶重(SLW)对其的影响。分析了不同品种叶片解剖结构与Pn的关系。结果表明:樱桃枝条不同叶位叶片的Pn呈单峰曲线变化,枝条中上部的叶片Pn较大,且有较高的稳定性,叶片发育和生理成熟度以及环境因素的影响是Pn出现单峰变化的重要因素;Chl.含量随着叶片的发育而增加,叶片成熟后,叶片Chl.含量与Pn之间不存在相关关系;不同叶位叶片SLW与Pn表现显著正相关;樱桃不同品种间叶片气孔密度、栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度比值与Pn存在极显著正相关。     

Effect of phytoplasmal infection on photosystem II efficiency and thylakoid membrane protein changes in field grown apple (Malus pumila) leaves

We have studied the effect of the apple proliferation phytoplasmal infection on some features of the thylakoids from field grown apple (Malus pumila) leaves. Changes in photosynthetic pigments, soluble proteins, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, nitrate reductase, photosynthetic activities and thylakoid membrane proteins were investigated. The level of total chlorophyll and carotenoids were reduced in phytoplasma-infected leaves. Similar results were also observed for soluble proteins and ribulose- 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity. The in vivo nitrate reductase activity was significantly reduced in infected leaves. When various photosynthetic activities were followed in isolated thylakoids, phytoplasmal infection caused marked inhibition of whole chain and photosystem II activity while the inhibition of photosystem I activity was only marginal. The artificial exogenous electron donors, diphenyl carbazide and hydroxylamine significantly restored the loss of photosystem II activity in infected leaves. The same results were obtained when F_v/F_m was evaluated by chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. The marked loss of photosystem II activity in infected leaves could be due to the loss of 47, 33, 28–25, 23 and 17 kDa polypeptides. It is concluded that phytoplasmal infection inactivates the donor side of photosystem II. This conclusion was confirmed by immunological studies showing that the content of the 33 kDa protein of the water-splitting complex was diminished significantly in infected leaves.