高寒草甸退化草地—“黑土滩”植物量测定

依据高寒草甸草地秃斑地的多少和距居民点的远近划分为轻度退化草地(极少量秃斑地)、中度退化草地(少量秃斑地)、重度退化草地(大量秃斑地)和极度退化草地(全部秃斑地)四个退化草地等级。对各等级退化草地进行了植物量测定。结果表明:草地植物量(地上和地下)及土壤含水量,随着草地退化程度的加剧明显下降(P<0.01),毒杂草量则明显上升(P<0.01)。其中极度退化草地较轻度退化草地植被中嵩草属牧草优势度减少38,可食鲜草量减少219.2g/m~2,而毒杂草则增加99.6g/m~2,植物活根量(干物质)减少2390.6g/m~2,土壤含水量(0—10cm)减少10.02％,并对高寒草甸退化草地(黑土滩)的成因及治理途径提出了看法和意见。     

Estimating dispersibility of Acer,Fraxinus and Tilia in fragmented landscapes from patterns of seedling establishment

Relative dispersibility of Tilia americana L., Acer saccharum Marsh. and Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh, was inferred from the ratio among species-specific regression coefficients () computed from seedling density-distance plots. Density counts were made in spatially-uniform old fields adjacent to single seed sources or monotypic fencerows. Resultant seedling shadow curves approximate the negative exponential form expected for many seeds (log y=a–X). This basic curve shape fit species of differing dispersibility, dispersal under a range of wind directions and one-year-old or all-aged cohorts. The ratios of were 1:2.6:3.2 for Tilia, Acer and Fraxinus, respectively, in order of increasing dispersibility. Vegetation patches isolated from seed sources by several hundred meters or more should have extremely low input of seeds, especially Tilia and Acer.The finding that Fraxinus disperses farther than Acer was unexpected, since the samaras of the former have faster terminal velocities. The relationship can be explained by better performance of Fraxinus samaras in the stronger winds experienced by trees in open landscapes, poorer formation of the samara abscission layer, and release of samaras following leaf abscission and during the winter when winds are the strongest. Both the samara plan and dispersal phenology need to be considered in estimating relative dispersibility among species.     

土壤中氮营养斑研究进展

由于自然和人为因素,营养斑(nutrient patch)在土壤中是普遍存在的。从70年代以来,国外就通过各种模拟方式对土壤中营养斑进行了大量的研究,尤其以对氮营养斑研究居多。研究表明:氮营养斑对新生根系的繁殖影响较为明显,但不同植物反应不一样,影响机理还不很清楚。营养斑也是生物活性较强、种群数量较多区域,在养分循环体系中起着特殊作用。营养斑对土壤的理化性质和生物性质可能有很大的影响,但这方面的研究很欠缺。本文主要对土壤中氮营养班的研究进展做一综述。     

Primary productivity in patches of heterogeneous swards after 12 years of low-intensity cattle grazing

In low-intensity grazing systems, patch grazing leads to a mosaic structure of short (frequently defoliated) and tall (rarely defoliated) patches, with the stocking rate determining the proportion of these patch types on the pasture. Little is known about the long-term effects of patch grazing on the productivity of contrasting sward height patches developed under varying stocking rates. On a 12-year low-intensity cattle pasture we investigated aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and its seasonal variation in different patch types (‘short’, ‘medium’ and ‘tall’) under three stocking rates (‘moderate’, ‘lenient’ and ‘very lenient’) over two years. Additionally, we determined stocks of soil phosphorus, potassium and magnesium as well as soil pH. ANPP was affected by an interaction of patch type and stocking rate and ranged from less than 300 g/m² in short patches under very lenient stocking to more than 1,000 g/m² in medium patches under moderate stocking. In contrast with observations at the start of the experiment, ANPP in short patches was similar to or less than that in medium and tall patches. As topsoil phosphorus and potassium stocks were lowest in short patches, this indicates a long-term redistribution of nutrients by grazing animals, which limits short-patch productivity. Productivity of medium patches increased with stocking rate, and soil potassium concentration showed a similar trend, pointing towards enhanced nutrient cycling under more intensive stocking. We conclude that nutrient redistribution may lead to increasing trade-offs between ecological and agronomic aims in long-term low-intensity grazing systems.     

4种杀菌剂防治草坪草夏季斑枯病研究

夏季斑枯病是危害冷季型草坪草的主要病害之一,严重影响草坪质量,目前我国仍未有登记药剂防治夏季斑枯病。本研究结合室内毒力测定及田间防效检验,分析比较了嘧菌酯、稻瘟灵、丙环唑和甲基硫菌灵4种杀菌剂对夏季斑枯病菌的抑制效果,评估了药剂的田间防病效果。结果表明,丙环唑对供试的夏季斑枯病菌3株靶标菌抑制效果最佳,EC50为0.09~0.16 μg/mL;嘧菌酯次之,EC50为0.14~0.28 μg/mL;稻瘟灵和甲基硫菌灵抑制效果再次之。4种杀菌剂对夏季斑枯病害均具有较好的防控效果;其中50%嘧菌酯水分散粒剂制剂用量800 g/hm2防控效果最佳,第4次药后17 d可达99.09%;25%丙环唑乳油制剂用量2 000 g/hm2防控效果次之,第4次药后17 d为93.14%。     

四川天全白沙河流域小水电梯级开发的景观要素影响研究

以水电开发前景观生态环境本底作参照,通过水电梯级开发后的景观生态现状调查以及水、声环境现状分析,探索了四川天全白沙河流域小水电梯级开发的景观要素影响,研究表明:水电梯级开发后景观要素类型发生较大的改变,逐渐向着高度人工化方向发展。水电开发一定程度上降低了植被基质连通性但对基质的孔性影响不大;破坏了湿地、耕地、荒地等生境资源斑块的生物多样性、生态过程;改变了河流廊道的宽度、曲度、连通性,水体内环境以及水电设施的廊道效应。     

瓯江彩鲤体色调控相关因子MC1R的克隆与表达分析

黑素皮质素1受体(melanocortin 1 receptor,MCIR)是动物黑色素合成通路中的关键基因之一,对动物的体色和毛色有重要影响.瓯江彩鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.color)具有5种基本体色类型(“全红”、“粉玉”、“大花”、“粉花”和“麻花”),其中后3种带有黑色斑点或斑块,是研究动物黑色素合成机制的良好材料之一.克隆了瓯江彩鲤的MC1R基因,并进行了“全红”、“大花”、“粉玉”、“粉花”4种体色间的表达差异分析.研究发现,瓯江彩鲤的MC1R基因的全长cDNA序列为1 914 bp,包括637 bp 5’-UTR(非转录区)、311 bp3’-UTR及966 bp ORF(开放阅读框).该基因由一个外显子编码(321个氨基酸),有7个跨膜结构域.瓯江彩鲤与鲫的编码区核苷酸同源性达98％,与斑马鱼达93％;不同体色间的编码区只存在一个核苷酸无义突变(C/G),因而氨基酸序列完全相同.qRT-PCR表明,MC1R基因在眼睛的表达量显著高于皮肤、肌肉、鳃、肾脏、鳔、心、肝等组织(P＜0.05);但在4种体色间不存在显著的表达差异(P＞0.05).研究结果表明:瓯江彩鲤体色类型中的黑色斑块不是由MC1基因直接决定,还有待对其它体色相关基因或调控因子的研究.研究亮点:对在黑色素合成通路中起着类似“开关”作用的MC1R基因进行了克隆、序列分析和瓯江彩鲤体色间的表达差异分析,排除了MC1R基因与瓯江彩鲤黑色斑纹的直接相关性,为鱼类体色变异相关基因研究积累了有益资料.     

兰州市市区景观生态格局特征分析

基于景观生态学理论,利用兰州市市区遥感影像数据和Fragstats软件,在GIS技术支持下,综合选取多样性、破碎度、均匀度、优势度、分离度等景观格局指数,从斑块格局、区域景观格局等方面进行景观生态研究.结果表明:兰州市市区林草地占总面积的45%,构成区域景观的基质;区域内景观多样性分布具有较好的空间结构,多样性指数城关区最高为1.447,均匀度七里河区最高为0.811;区域中人工景观斑块形状规则,分布均匀,自然景观分维数较高,其中荒草地分维数1.443;受人为影响,农业景观类型破碎度较高,大量耕地转变为建设用地和林地;城市人均绿地9.47m2,但绿地斑块分布散乱,生态效益低;各类型绿地斑块之间缺少较好的生态廊道,格局连接性较低;分离度城关区为0.015、七里河区为0.045、西固区0.037、安宁区为0.021.     

陕西米仓山自然保护区植被景观分析

以陕西米仓山自然保护区植被图为基础,利用GIS软件将其数字化,并提取各植被景观斑块信息,从植被景观斑块的数量、面积和周长等方面对陕西米仓山自然保护区的植被景观及破碎化程度进行分析。结果表明:落叶阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和落叶阔叶灌丛是该保护区的3个主要景观类型;植被景观斑块数量、面积和周长的分布差异较大;落叶阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和人工林景观的破碎化程度较低,而暖性针叶林、农田、撂荒地和灌草丛景观的破碎化程度较高。     

Fine-scale vegetation patches decline in size and cover with increasing rainfall in Australian savannas

Fine-scale vegetation patches (<5 m in width) are critically important in many landscapes because they function to obstruct surface flows of water and wind. These obstructions increase the infiltration of runoff and the capture of nutrients in runoff sediments and in wind-blown soil and litter. The importance of redistribution of runoff into runon patches from spaces between patches (fetches) is likely to be greater in drier than in wetter environments. In this paper we examine the hypothesis that the ratio of fetch to patch decreases as rainfall increases, and that this trend will be most evident on intermediate-textured soils because these soils are more prone to runoff. We measured fine-scale patches on 38 sites with sand, loam or clay soils. Sites were located along a 1000-mm rainfall gradient in the savannas of northern Australia. The width and intercept length of patches and the fetch between patches was measuring along line transects of 100–120 m oriented down slope. We found that the ratio of fetch to patch area did not decrease with decreasing rainfall, but increased on both sand and loam soils. This result was because with increasing rainfall mean spacing between patches disproportionally increased while mean patch size and cover declined. The cover of patches was negatively correlated with tree canopy cover, which significantly increased with rainfall. This negative correlation suggests that in higher rainfall savannas the size and spacing of ground-layer patches is controlled by the tree layer, and that as rainfall decreases this control decreases and runoff-runon processes increasingly structure the landscape. For savannas on clay soils these trends were not significant except that on the highest rainfall sites the cover of ground-layer patches was nearly 100% while trees were absent.