Cohort‐specific variation in juvenile coho salmon habitat use

In this study, we examined summer and fall freshwater rearing habitat use by juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the quickly urbanising Big Lake drainage in south‐central Alaska. Habitat use was assessed by regressing fish count data against habitat survey information across thirty study sites using generalised linear mixed models. Habitat associations were examined by age‐0 and age‐1+ cohorts separately, providing an opportunity to compare habitat use across different juvenile coho salmon life stages during freshwater rearing. Regression results indicated that the age‐0 cohorts were strongly associated with shallow, wide stream reaches with in‐stream vegetation, whereas age‐1+ cohorts were associated with deeper stream reaches. Furthermore, associations between fork length and habitat characteristics suggest cohort‐specific habitat use patterns are distinct from those attributable to fish size. Habitat use information generated from this study is being used to guide optimal fish passage restoration planning in the Big Lake drainage. Evidence for habitat use partitioning by age cohort during freshwater juvenile rearing indicates that pooling age cohorts into a single “juvenile” stage for the purposes of watershed management may mask important habitat use dynamics.     

Can trail spatial attributes predict trail use level in urban forest park? An examination integrating GPS data and space syntax theory

Understanding users’ spatial distribution in forest park is crucial for providing visitors with quality recreation experiences and for park planning and management. Utilizing users’ spatial distribution data, this study aims at investigating associations between trail use level and trail spatial attributes, through examining two large urban forest parks (Gongqing forest park and Paotaiwan forest park) in Shanghai, China. Users’ spatial distribution was measured utilizing GPS trackers with the interval of 10 seconds. This study conceptualizes trail spatial attributes as trail metric attributes and trail configurational attributes. Trail metric attributes include trail mean distance to gates, length, width and level of enclosure, which are calculated based on park map and on-site observation. We computed trail configurational attributes utilizing space syntax theory, which comprise measures of global integration, control, and connectivity. Trail connection with features/facilities, visual connection with water and shading are included as covariate variables. In total, we obtained 134 valid samples in Gongqing forest park and 210 valid samples in Paotaiwan forest park for analysis. Multivariate regression analyses indicate that when involving covariate variables, consistently in both parks, a greater trail usage is significantly related to trail shorter mean distance to park gate, trail width wider than 3 meters, higher global integration and higher control values. Collectively, these four trail spatial attributes explained 31.7 % (p < 0.001) and 27.3 % (p < 0.001) of the variances in trail use level in Gongqing forest park and Paotaiwan forest park. These findings provide direct implications to park designers and managers for providing visitors with different desirable social conditions, and ultimately improve users’ experiences and satisfactions.     

三种草坪草净光合速率和蒸腾速率的日变化特点研究

研究了在晴天的条件下，假俭草、细叶结缕草和地毯草净光合速率和蒸腾整编的日变化特点。结果表明：（1）假俭草和细叶绍缕草的净光合速率的日变化曲线均为双峰型，而地毯草为三峰型，3种草出现峰值的时间不同，均有明显的“午睡”现象，日平均净光全速率的大小顺序为俭草＞地毯草＞细叶结缕草；（2）假俭草和细叶结缕草的蒸腾速率的日变化曲线均为双峰型,而地毯草为单峰型，3种草出现峰值的时间有所判差别，“午睡”现象均不明显，日平均蒸腾速率的大小顺序为细叶绍缕草＞地毯草＞假俭草；（3）不同生态因子与3种草坪草净光合速率、蒸腾速率的相关程度均不相等。同种态因子与不同草坪草的净光合速率、蒸腾速率的相关程度也不一样。     

城镇化水平计算方法比较分析

城镇化是社会经济发展的必然趋势，与小城镇人口、经济实力、社会发展和环境保护等方面密切相关。城镇化判别指标归纳起来分两大类：一类是单一指标法或称主要指标法；另一类是多项指标法、复合指标法或称综合指标法。在常用的、单一指标法的城镇化水平计算方法中，城镇人口比重指标法和带眷系数法两种方法能够比较准确地反映小城镇的城镇化水平，尤其以城镇人口比重指标法计算结果最符合实际。     

多层螺旋CT与核磁共振血管成像、数字减影对主动脉夹层诊断的比较研究

目的：比较多层螺旋CT(multi-slice spiral CT，MSCT)与核磁共振血管成像(MRA)、数字减影(DSA)对主动脉夹层(aortic dissection，AD)的诊断价值。方法：对17例AD患者行MSCT检查，并与MRA、DSA的检查结果进行比较。结果：对17例AD患者用MSCT、MRA、DSA都能作出诊断(按DeBakey分型，Ⅰ型有4例，Ⅱ型有1例，Ⅲ型有12例)，但只有MSCT能明确显示夹层的范围和分支的受累情况，以及剥离内膜瓣、裂口及主动脉的周围情况。而MRA对裂口的检出率只有21．74％，DSA可达87．0％。结论：MSCT对AD的分型以及破裂口的定位诊断更具准确性，对动脉分支显示更清晰。     

不同能量水平对羊生产性能及激素水平的影响

选用山羊和绵羊各21只,研究能量水平对羊采食量(DMI)、日增重(ADG)、饲料转化率(FCR)、胰岛素、生长激素和孕酮浓度的影响。结果表明:绵羊的DMI显著大于山羊的(P<0．05),低能量水平下,绵羊的DMI显著大于山羊的(P<0．05)。绵羊的ADG显著高于山羊的(P<0．05),高能量水平下两种羊的ADG显著高于低能量水平的(P <0．05),FCR在绵羊与山羊之间、不同能量水平之间及互作之间都不显著(P>0．05)。试验前期山羊血清胰岛素水平显著大于绵羊的(P<0．05),在低能量水平下,山羊的血清胰岛素浓度显著高于绵羊的(P<0．05)。试验前期山羊的孕酮水平显著高于绵羊的(P<0．05),高能量水平下的孕酮极显著地高于中、低能量水平下的孕酮(P<0．01),中等能量水平下,山羊的孕酮浓度显著高于绵羊的(P<0．05)。     

蒙特卡罗模拟信号交叉口的服务水平

信号交叉口是城市路网的节点和交通关键，其服务水平反映了交叉口所提供的道路及控制条件满足交通顺畅、安全等需要的程度。本文提出一种基于蒙特卡罗模拟的信号交叉口运行状态描述和服务水平评价方法．为优化信号交叉口控制参数提供依据．     

略论骆驼的耐干渴能力

荒漠水源奇缺,常有干渴威协。骆驼长期在这种自然选择下,造就出一种十分惊人的耐干渴能力,十日不饮可照常供使役,30～40日内缺水不致有生命危险。据研究认为,骆驼高度耐渴的机理主要在于:一次能饮入60～80升甚至更多的水;能饮用含盐量相当高的水;血液和体液中保存水的能力很强;能节约散热、呼吸、排尿、排粪过程中的水份消耗;有较高排泄浓缩尿的能力;可有效利用体内的代谢水;即使高度失水(达体重的30%)也能短期耐受过去。正因其耐渴能力强,所以才使人类开发利用荒漠成为可能;使大面积缺水草埸和其它家畜所不能利用的灌木类植物得到合理利用;还能在缺水条件下持续分泌稀薄的低脂肪驼乳,为沙漠旅行者提供上等饮料。     

Genetic diversity estimates in Cicer using AFLP analysis

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was used to evaluate the genetic variation among cultivated chickpea and wild Cicer relatives. In total, 214 marker loci were assessed, of which 211 were polymorphic (98.6%) across the 95 accessions that represented 17 species of Cicer. The genetic variation within a species was highest in C. pinnatifidum followed by C. reticulatum and lowest in C. macracanthum. Three main species groups were identified by UPGMA clustering using Nei's pair‐wise distance calculations. Group I included the cultivated species C. arietinum, C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum. Within this group, C. reticulatum accessions were clustered closest to the C. arietinum cultivars ‘Lasseter’, ‘Kaniva’ and ‘Bumper’, supporting the hypothesis that C. reticulatum is the most probable progenitor of the cultivated species. Cicer bijugum, C. judaicum and C. pinnatifidum were clustered together creating group II. Group III contained all nine perennial species assessed and two annual species C. yamashitae and C. cuneatum. The genetic distance detected between group I and group III (0.13) was equivalent to the genetic distance detected between group I and group II (the primary and annual tertiary species, respectively; 0.14). This indicated that the perennial tertiary species may be as valuable for increasing variation to incorporate novel germplasm in the cultigen as the annual tertiary species.     

Study on ambient noise in sawmill’s workshop

Ambient noise in 13 sawmill’s workshops was tested and analyzed to reveal its character and regularity. The situation of the ambient noise in sawmill’s workshops was evaluated