Application of acoustic Doppler current profiler combined with a scientific echo sounder for krill Euphausia pacifica density estimation

ABSTRACT:   An application of the acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP, 153.6 kHz) in combination with a scientific echo sounder (EK60, 38 and 200 kHz) was investigated to estimate the density of krill Euphausia pacifica . The acoustic backscattering strength from sound scattering layers was compared with biomass estimates from midwater trawls. Euphausia pacifica was targeted among mixed species populations in the sound scattering layer in the offshore Funka Bay area of Hokkaido, Japan. The frequency characteristics of acoustic backscattering by krill were calculated using a distorted wave Born approximation scattering model at three frequencies. Krill aggregations identified from the EK60 data were extracted as the mean volume backscattering strength difference between two frequencies. They were then used to identify similar aggregations in the ADCP data by matching observation times and depths for the two methods, which were applied simultaneously. Results from the comparison of the mean volume backscattering strength and the density calculated from the ADCP and EK60 showed that ADCP can be used to measure density and spatial–temporal distribution of krill aggregations. Current speed and direction at the study site were found to be 16.1 cm/s and 187.0°, respectively, and krill speed and direction (including the current component) were found to be 19.8 cm/s and 172.2°, respectively. Based on the ADCP data, the net speed and direction of the krill aggregations were found to be 5.9 cm/s and 128.0°, respectively.     

Evaluation of Five Most Commonly Grown Cotton Cultivars (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Under Mediterranean Conditions: Productivity and Fibre Quality

Studies were conducted in four regions of central Greece (Larisa, Karditsa, Livadia, Thiva), to evaluate the productivity and fibre properties (fibre strength and fibre length) of the five most commonly grown cotton cultivars in these regions. The experiments lasted for 6 years (1995–2000). All the characteristics tested were strongly influenced by the factors ‘year’, ‘cultivar’ and ‘region’. Significant cultivar × region, year × cultivar, region × year and cultivar × region × year interactions occurred for all the characteristics studied. The cultivar Alegria had the highest seed‐cotton and lint yield, while Aria had the lowest ones. Both cultivars gave the highest mean lint percentage but the lowest mean boll weight (MBW). Alegria had the lowest fibre strength, while Aria had the highest. The Acala‐type cultivars, Acala SJ2 and Zeta 2, had intermediate seed‐cotton and lint yield, while Vered 171 had high seed‐cotton and satisfactory lint yield. The three cultivars mentioned above had the highest MBW and very good fibre strength. Positive correlation was observed between fibre strength and length. In spite of the fact that mean fibre length was statistically the same in all cultivars, it was influenced by the factor ‘year’, as a result of different weather conditions. The year 1996 was the most unfavourable one for seed‐cotton yield and MBW, because it was characterized by lower than average air temperatures and rather dry conditions for all study sites. The factor ‘region’, a combination of different climatic conditions and cultural practices, influenced significantly all the parameters studied.     

二化螟群集性的调查研究

通过对二化螟群集性的调查分析,初步查明在不同类型田、水稻的不同生育期、二化螟幼虫的不同龄次,二化螟幼虫的群集性不同.这为科学制订二化螟防治指标提供了理论依据。     

甘肃省年有效降水次数的异常特征分析

利用1958-2001年甘肃省45个气象站的逐日降水资料,统计出年有效降水次数,通过经验正交展开(EOF)和旋转经验正交展开(REOF),研究其异常的空间结构及时间演变规律,同时利用墨西哥帽子波变换技术,对甘肃省年有效降水次数进行多时间尺度分析.结果表明:大范围区域一致性异常是甘肃省年有效降水次数的首要特征;甘肃省年有效降水次数异常区域大致分为4个关键区;从总体上看(较大时间尺度),甘肃省年有效降水次数是增加的,而从较小时间尺度看,则表现为增中有减,减中有增的复杂变化.     

城市土地利用与经济协调发展度评价研究——以天水市为例

针对天水经济快速发展、用地需求增速明显而土地供给约束日益加大的问题,从土地资源利用的规模、结构、效率及经济发展水平方面出发,构建了反应土地利用与经济协调发展程度的综合指标体系,该体系由目标层、准则层、因素层和指标层4个层次及28个具体指标构成。基于均方差决策求解法,对天水市的土地利用与经济协调发展度进行综合评价。结果表明:1996~2008年土地利用与经济发展两系统协调程度不高、质量欠佳,协调度指数总体趋势下降;土地利用与经济发展系统演进模式由经济发展滞后土地利用模式转变为土地利用滞后经济发展模式。     

辣椒核质互作雄性不育系与保持系呼吸速率研究

 以辣椒核质互作雄性不育系9704A,8214A和它们相应的保持系9704B,8214B为材料,研究了叶片和不同发育阶段花蕾的总呼吸速率(Vt)、抗氰呼吸速率(Valt)和抗氰呼吸速率所占总呼吸速率的比例(Valt/Vt)的变化趋势。结果表明：在不育系中,随着花蕾的发育,总呼吸速率(Vt)、抗氰呼吸速率(Valt)和抗氰呼吸速率所占总呼吸速率的比例(Valt/Vt)呈下降趋势;而在保持系中总呼吸速率(Vt)变化趋势不明显,抗氰呼吸速率(Valt)和抗氰呼吸速率所占总呼吸速率的比例(Valt/Vt)呈上升趋势;在叶片中,不育系的总呼吸速率(Vt)、抗氰呼吸速率(Valt)和抗氰呼吸速率所占总呼吸速率的比例(Valt/Vt)均小于保持系。     

微分及其在理论力学中的应用

微分有两个含义:1.对于与时间有关的函数(称之为动态函数)f而言,微分df表示在无限小的时间dt内函数f的增加量,即df=f(t dt)-f(t);2.对于与时间无关的函数(称之为静态函数)g而言,微分dg表示g的微小部分,所有dg之和等于g。时间的微分即时间的增加量dt总是恒大于0的正实数。函数f的增加量df与时间的增加量dt之比称为函数f的增加率,而非变化率。函数f的减小量-df与时间的增加量dt之比称为函数f的减小率。变化率包括增加率与减小率两种情况。质点所受到的合外力等于它的动量的增加率。作用力与反作用力互为对偶力。保守力与势能梯度互为对偶矢量。势能定理即势能的减小量等于保守力所作的功。     

琼岛杨一年生播种苗生长节律研究

于2019年5月6日到12月25日对海南省琼岛杨Populus qiongdaoensis一年生播种苗的苗高、地径生长量进行定期观测,采用Logistic方程进行生长进程拟合,研究琼岛杨的苗期生长节律。结果表明,琼岛杨苗高和地径生长都呈现"慢—快—慢"的"S"形生长规律,且苗高、地径生长量与Logistic方程的回归相关性达到极显著水平,其相关系数分别达0.994和0.996。苗高生长速生期约119 d,占生长期的39.67%,占苗高年总生长量的63.77%;地径生长速生期约125 d,占生长期的45.42%,占地径年总生长量的66.15%。     

玉米茎秆汁液对土壤的减水减沙效益及其机理

为研究土壤改良剂玉米茎秆汁液对中国西部地区水土流失的影响和机理,该文通过室内土壤理化性质测定和人工模拟降雨试验,研究了地表施加玉米茎秆汁液对土壤团聚体的平均重量直径、土壤有机质质量分数和土壤减水减沙效益的影响。试验以未施加任何玉米茎秆汁液的黄土坡面为对照,设计单位面积玉米茎秆汁液施加量1 041.7 mL/m2,施加汁液体积分数25%和50%,降雨强度为50 mm/h,研究玉米茎秆汁液施加对土壤减水减沙的影响。结果表明,玉米茎秆汁液的施加可以增加土壤有机质的含量,提高土壤团聚体的平均重量直径,降低产流产沙速率。对照、体积分数25%和50%汁液施加下的土壤团聚体平均重量直径分别为0.18、0.46和0.51 mm,土壤有机质质量分数分别为5.70%、6.75%和7.17%。较对照,体积分数25%和50%汁液施加下,土壤的减水效益分别为45.81%和48.34%,减沙效益分别为65.00%和75.47%。玉米茎秆汁液的减水减沙效益随时间的推移而降低,月均减水、减沙效益降低量约为1.25%和1.41%,研究中施加体积分数25%和50%汁液的土壤减水减沙效益约可持续3和4.5 a。综上,玉米茎秆汁液作为土壤改良剂在施加量为1 041.7 mL/m2时,茎秆汁液与水的体积比为1:1时,效果较好。该研究可以为将玉米茎秆汁液作为土壤改良剂用于土壤侵蚀的防治提供施放参考。     

印楝实生苗年生长规律研究

研究了1年生印楝实生苗生长动态、苗木生物量积累与分配模式以及苗木生长与气象因子的关系,结果表明:印楝苗的年生长规律符合Logistic曲线特征,据此方程可以建立苗高、地径与生长时间的拟合模型,结合二次多项式对苗木连日生长量的动态模拟,可将苗木生长划分为4个阶段:出苗期、生长初期、速生期和生长后期,其中处于速生阶段苗木的高和地径生长量均超过全年总量的70%,地径处于生长初期阶段的时间短于苗高,但生长量占全年总量之比是苗高的2倍;苗木生物量积累与苗高和地径的相关性极为密切,其中地上部分生物量占全株的69.1%,全株含水量是干质量的1.58倍;在制约苗木生长节律的气象因子中,偏相关分析表明:温度是苗木生长的主导因子.