Comparative effects of applying leguminous and non-leguminous green manures and inorganic N on biomass yield and nitrogen uptake in flooded rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

The beneficial role of green manures in rice production is generally ascribed to their potential of supplying plant nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N). However, the mechanisms through which green manures enhance the crop productivity are poorly understood. Pot experiments were conducted using a ¹⁵N-tracer technique: (1) to compare the biomass production potential of sesbania (Sesbania aculeata Pers.) and maize (Zea mays L.) as green manuring crops for lowland rice and (2) to compare the effect of the two types of green manure and inorganic N on the dry matter accumulation and N uptake by two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, viz. IR-6 and Bas-370. Although maize produced three times higher shoot biomass compared with sesbania, the latter showed higher N concentration; and thus the total N yield was similar in the two types of plants. Applying the shoot material of the two plants to flooded rice significantly enhanced the dry matter yield and N uptake by the two rice cultivars, the positive effects generally being more pronounced with sesbania than with maize amendment. The difference in the growth-promoting potential of the two plant residues was related more to an increased uptake of the native soil N rather than to their direct role as a source of plant-available N. A positive added nitrogen interaction (ANI) was observed due to both plant residues, the effect was much more pronounced with the application of sesbania than with maize residues. In both rice cultivars, inorganic N also caused a substantial ANI, particularly at higher application rate. Losses from the applied N were 2–3 times lower from sesbania, compared with maize treatment. Green manuring with sesbania also caused much lower N losses than the inorganic N applied at equivalent or higher rates. The overall benefit of green manuring to rice plants was higher than inorganic N applied at comparable rates. The two rice cultivars differed in their response to green manuring, IR-6 generally being more responsive than Bas-370.     

低湿耕地玉米分层配比施肥的研究

试验结果表明,玉米分层配比施肥,完全可以代替玉米种肥、追肥相结合施肥法,增产效果明显。特别是N、P、K全肥分层配比施用好于N、P肥分层配比施用,在低湿地有推广价值。     

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Rice Yield,Soil Nutrient Profile,and Cyanobacterial Nitrogenase Activity under Rice–Wheat Cropping System

We assessed the cyanobacterial inoculation, green manure (GM) application, and chemical nitrogen (N) fertilization on grain/straw yield, nutrient balance, and nitrogenase activity under individual and integrated nutrient management mode in a rice–wheat cropping sequence. Individual and integrated application of cyanobacterial biofertilizer (CB) and GM with chemical fertilizer improved the soil health and production of rice crop. Integration of cyanobacterial and green manure resulted in a savings of 50 kg N ha^?1. Functional relationships (R2, –83.5 to 95.7%) between the different sources of nutrients revealed that the maximum positive contribution of cyanobacteria was on final available N (45.2%) and available phosphorus (P, 18.5%). Green manure had the greatest contribution to total N, total P, zinc, iron, and manganese (Mn). However, cyanobacteria had a negative relationship with Mn and sodium (Na, –30.19%). A negative relationship with Na indicates the possibility of using cyanobacteria as an ameliorating agent for salt-affected soil.     

Green manure production of Azolla microphylla and Sesbania rostrata and their long-term effects on rice yields and soil fertility

Summary Azolla spp. and Sesbania spp. can be used as green manure crops for wetland rice. A long-term experiment was started in 1985 to determine the effects of organic and urea fertilizers on wetland rice yields and soil fertility. Results of 10 rice croppings are reported. Azolla sp. was grown for 1 month and then incorporated before transplanting the rice and 3–4 weeks after transplanting the rice. Sesbania rostrata was grown for 7–9 weeks and incorporated only before transplanting the rice. Sesbania sp. grew more poorly before dry season rice than before wet season rice. Aeschynomene afraspera, which was used in one dry season rice trial, produced a larger biomass than the Sesbania sp. The quantity of N produced by the Azolla sp. ranged from 70 to 110 kg N ha^-1. The Sesbania sp. produced 55–90 kg N ha^-1 in 46–62 days. Rice grain yield increases in response to the green manure were 1.8–3.9 t ha^-1, similar to or higher than that obtained in response to the application of 60 kg N ha^-1 as urea. Grain production per unit weight of absorbed N was lower in the green manure treatments than in the urea treatment. Without N fertilizer, N uptake by rice decreased as the number of rice crops increased. For similar N recoveries, Sesbania sp. required a lower N concentration than the Azolla sp. did. Continuous application of the green manure increased the organic N content in soil on a dry weight basis, but not on a area basis, because the application of green manure decreased soil bulk density. Residual effects in the grain yield and N uptake of rice after nine rice crops were found with a continuous application of green manure but not urea.     

豫西丘陵旱地不同农业措施对土壤水分利用的影响

本文通过对３ａ田间试验资料的统计分析，探讨了轮作制，秸秆覆盖和施肥等农业措施对豫西丘陵旱地土壤水分利用的影响。结果表明：１．轮作制的选择庆以雨季耗水较少的小麦－谷子轮作为主。小麦－玉米轮作虽然耗水较多，但在雨水丰沛的年份其水分利用放率要较小麦－谷子、小麦－花生及小麦－红薯等轮作制为高。２．秸秆覆盖的保水作用在雨季表现较明显，且主要是提高了表层０－３０ｃｍ土层土壤水分的有效性。作物的产量，水分利用效     

Nitrogen fixation and beneficial effects of some grain legumes and green-manure crops on rice

Studies were conducted on paddy soils to ascertain N₂ fixation, growth, and N supplying ability of some green-manure crops and grain legumes. In a 60-day pot trial, sunhemp (Crotalaria juncia) produced a significantly higher dry matter content and N yield than Sesbania sesban, S. rostrata, cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), and blackgram (V. mungo), deriving 91% of its N content from the atmosphere. Dry matter production and N yield by the legumes were significantly correlated with the quantity of N₂ fixed. In a lowland field study involving sunhemp, blackgram, cowpeas, and mungbean, the former produced the highest stover yield and the stover N content, accumulating 160–250 kg N ha^-1 in 60 days, and showed great promise as a biofertilizer for rice. The grain legumes showed good adaptability to rice-based cropping systems and produced a seed yield of 1125–2080 kg ha^-1, depending on the location, species, and cultivar. Significant inter- and intraspecific differences in the stover N content were evident among the grain legumes, with blackgram having the highest N (104–155 kg N ha^-1). In a trial on sequential cropping, the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) showed a significantly higher N₂ fixation and residual N effect on the succeeding rice crop than cowpeas, blackgram, mungbeans (V. radiata), and pigeonpeas (Cajanus cajan). The growth and N yield of the rice crop were positively correlated with the quantity of N₂ fixed by the preceding legume crop.     

不同施氮量对天然草场牧草产量影响

采用不同施氮量作用于天然草场，研究了草地施肥与牧草产量的关系，通过测定施肥试验的各项参数，确定了干草原类草场产草量和经济效益最佳的施肥方案，最佳施肥量为450kg/hm^2，同时建立了施肥量与牧草产量间的回归方程。     

绿肥压青粉垄保护性耕作对土壤水分入渗及其后延效应的影响

研究绿肥压青下粉垄耕作稻田土壤水分入渗规律对完善稻田保护性耕作体系具有重要意义。2016-2017年,在广西农业科学院试验田设置粉垄保护性耕作与单免保护性耕作两种耕作模式,并设不施肥、常规施肥、单倍绿肥压青和双倍绿肥压青4种施肥处理,然后分别于早稻、晚稻收获后用土壤紧实度仪及单环入渗法测量稻田土壤紧实度及稳定入渗速率,并于晚稻水稻收获后用环刀法测定土壤容重,以了解绿肥压青下粉垄保护性耕作对当季稻田土壤入渗的影响,并就其对后季稻田的后延效应影响进行研究。结果表明,绿肥压青下粉垄保护性耕作对当季和后季稻田0-15cm土壤紧实度的影响不明显,但是可以显著降低15-30cm土壤紧实度。同时显著降低了当季及后季土壤表层及耕层的稳定入渗率,使土壤入渗能力降低,提高了土壤容重,降低了土壤孔隙度,使土壤密实。绿肥压青下粉垄保护性耕作可显著降低后季稻田土壤稳定入渗率和紧实度,对土壤结构及水分入渗的后延效应明显。     

分层施磷对冬小麦生长及产量的影响

为探明分层施磷对冬小麦生长发育和产量的影响,在大田采用PVC管栽培法,设置不施肥、0~20 cm单施氮肥、0~20 cm单施磷肥、0~20 cm施氮磷肥、分层施磷(1~20 cm,20~40 cm,40~50 cm)、40~50 cm深层施磷6个处理,比较了分层施磷的效应。结果表明,分层施磷明显促进了冬小麦生长发育,提高了地上部和根系干重,增加了下层根比例;与深层施磷、表层施磷和单施磷肥相比,分层施磷处理产量分别增加7.46%、16.16%和75.81%,磷素农学利用分别提高156.20%、43.71%和297.11%。分层施磷可提高冬小麦产量,提高磷肥利用效率。     

Long-term manuring and fertilization influence soil inorganic phosphorus transformation vis-a-vis rice yield in a rice–wheat cropping system

A study on the rice–wheat cropping system was conducted at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India, to assess the effects of long-term manuring and fertilization on transformation of the inorganic phosphorus (P) fraction in soil after 22 years of the crop cycle. Soil samples were collected after Kharif from seven treated plots having different types of organic amendments like farm yard manure, paddy straw and green manuring with 50% substitution of nitrogen levels in rice crop only. The result showed that the yield trend of rice was maintained due to the buildup of P from various organic inputs. Although cultivation for 22 years without adding any fertilizer caused a significant decrease in almost all the forms of P viz. avail-P, saloid P, iron phosphorus fraction (Fe–P), aluminum phosphorus fraction (Al–P), calcium phosphorus fraction (Ca–P) and total P in control. Partial substitution of inorganic fertilizer N (50%) with organics, however, caused a significant increase in almost all the P fractions in soil over the control. The relative abundance of all the fractions of inorganic P irrespective of treatments was as follows: Fe–P > reductant soluble P fraction > occluded P > Al–P > Ca–P > saloid P. Saloid and Fe–P were the dominating fractions responsible for 92% variation of available P and total P levels, respectively.