试论森林可持续经营单元的时空尺度

尺度选择是科学研究的重要环节。本文评析传统森林经营单元的时空尺度选择特征及其局限性,指出为了实现森林可持续经营与发展,应该引进新的尺度观念,扩展森林经营单元的基本时空尺度。在简析景观管理与一般可持续发展研究关系基础上,从镶嵌体稳定和动态整体优化、对生物多样性保护工作的融合、生态服务功能表现的尺度依赖特征、采伐等行业实践的景观尺度影响、与其他景观尺度土地可持续管理工作的协调等角度重点论证景观尺度对于设计、管理以及度量森林可持续经营的独特价值;同时提出并初步讨论流域生态区、生态周期以及与景观相对应的世代尺度等时间尺度在森林可持续经营与发展中的应用。     

A Study on the Effects of Insect Pests and Diseases on Intensively Managed Plantations

Basedon the results of monitoring the environment of China National Afforestation Project (NAP) and the investigation on insect pests and diseases in 1.2 million ha of plantations, the author elaborates the areas, species and causes of insect pests and diseases occurring in the project's areas and provides fundamental theory for guiding environmental protection and plantation establishment in a sound way. Since the project's activities strictly follovved the guideline of environmental protection in past five years, little losses were caused by some commonly insect pests and diseases.     

Forest condition and management in Swedish forest commons

Forest commons are regarded as a means to support local development and sustainable forest conditions. To evaluate the development impact of Swedish forest commons, comparative surveys have been undertaken in three regions, and the differences in forest condition and management between categories of commons as well as their relation to other forest ownerships have been assessed. Regional differences between the by-laws, historical development and geographical conditions are apparent. It is concluded that two of three regions have an overly restrictive harvesting policy given the purpose of the forest commons and the official forest policy. The study results underline the importance of evaluation of the performance of forest management in relation to management objectives, to ownership alternatives and to the impact of local variations in preconditions.     

大面积营造集约经营人工林对土壤肥力的影响

分析了"世行贷款国家造林项目"(简称NAP)区内人工林地力衰退的现状和原因,阐明了NAP防止地力衰退采取的对策,并根据土壤肥力监测结果分析了NAP实施过程中土壤肥力的变化情况,提出了防止土壤肥力退化的措施.结果表明项目实施5a来,营造了138.5×104hm2的集约经营人工林,由于严格执行了"环保规程",有效地防止了土壤肥力的退化,土壤肥力不仅没有下降,而且略呈增加的趋势.项目区内热带片和亚热带片的速效氮和有机质略有下降外,土壤中的全氮、速效磷、速效钾、缓效钾等7种养分呈上升趋势.项目区华北-中原、辽东低丘岗地片,土壤中的各种养分含量逐渐增加,其中速效磷、速效钾和代换钙镁增加的速度最快.     

Fallow enrichment of a traditional slash/mulch system in southern Costa Rica: comparisons of biomass production and crop yield

The slash and mulch system of frijol tapado or covered bean is a pre-hispanic system of bean production found throughout much of Central America. However, land use pressures have forced farmers to shorten the traditional fallow period, thus resulting in decreasing productivity. A potential solution is to enrich the fallow by using leguminous nitrogen-fixing trees. The enriched fallow systems evaluated in this study include both single and mixed species treatments: 1) Erythrina poeppigiana; 2) Calliandra colothrysus; 3) Gliricidia sepium; 4) Inga edulis; 5) Inga edulis and Erythrina poeppigiana; 6) Inga edulis and Calliandra calothrysus; and 7) Inga edulis and Gliricidia sepium. Biomass production of the fallow vegetation is shown to be of greater quality and quantity in all fallow enrichment treatments. However, bean yields did not show a significant response to the fallow enrichment treatments.     

Fish utilisation of managed realignments

Abstract  One area of ecological benefit not yet fully evaluated in European waters is the utilisation of restored saltmarsh habitats by fish species. This study examines the utilisation of managed realignments and relic saltmarsh by fish species. Factors affecting habitat heterogeneity and fish populations are discussed, and recommendations are made with respect to scheme design and management that will maximise the biological and socio-economic values. Fish populations in the high intertidal areas were assessed using a suite of techniques, including observations on feeding behaviour. Each microhabitat was discussed as a function of the extent of fish colonisation. A positive relationship between the degree of fish utilisation and habitat heterogeneity was ascertained using species richness, abundance and behavioural observations. This study will aid habitat valuation for economic justification of managed realignments, over and above existing drivers, such as compensatory habitat for encroachment, flood defence and the European Union Habitats Directive. The work now forms part of a wider European Interreg IIIb project, COMCOAST.     

应用数量化理论落实小班林分蓄积量方法的探讨

首次以小班林分平均每公顷蓄积量为基础材料,应用数量化理论,探讨落实小班林分蓄积量的方法。变野外小班调查为室内数学模型预测,减轻了劳动强度,提高工作效率3倍以上,通过适应性检验,可用于生产。为研究森林经林分蓄积量小班调查方法,开辟了新的途径。     

河北木兰围场保护区有效管理的展望

木兰围场保护区是冀北山地森林保护最好的区域,主要为落叶阔叶林及其垂直分布类型所组成;往北,逐渐向草原过渡。它对京津地区直接起到防风固沙、阻挡沙源的作用,保证天津引滦入津水源的需求,具有重要的生物多样性保护和持续利用的价值。拟探讨一下有关这些方面的一些问题,供有关方面参考。     

Agronomic performance of winter wheat grown under highly divergent soil moisture conditions in rainfed and water‐managed environments

Even in the temperate climates of Europe, increasing early season drought and rising air temperature are presenting new challenges to farmers and wheat breeders. Sixteen winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes consisting of three hybrids, six line cultivars and two breeding lines from Germany as well as five line cultivars from France, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary and the Ukraine (referred to as “exotic” lines) have been included in this study. The genetic materials were evaluated over three growing seasons under a range of soil moisture regimes at the three North German sites Braunschweig (irrigated and drought‐stressed), Warmse (rainfed) and Söllingen (rainfed). The average grain yields in the twelve growth environments (water regime × season combinations) ranged from 6.1 to 13.5 t ha^?1. The exotic lines showed little evidence of specific phenological adaptation to drought although they are frequently faced with water scarcity in their countries of origin. The hybrids and German lines exhibited higher regression coefficients (b_i) to environmental means than the exotic lines, indicating particular adaptation to favourable growing conditions. The phenotypical correlations of grain yield between the various environments were high, ranging for instance from 0.6 to 0.8 for the irrigated and drought‐stressed environments at Braunschweig. It is thus expected that in the foreseeable future continued selection aiming at high yield potential will suffice as a means to counter the expected increase in droughts.     

试论经营性林场由事业变企业的可行性

本文对经营性林场实行“事业单位、企业化管理”进行了利弊分析。论证了林场森林资源、技术、资金、人才、管理和人们心理承受能力等要素,提出经营性林场由事业变企业的可行性。重点阐述实现林场企业,应在外部建立林木资产保险,转变主管部门的管理职能,健全森林资源监控体系,加强审计等配套改革;在内部必须建立统一指挥系统,加强生产管理,提高场长素质,转变思想观念和开发地区资源优势等措施。