Using pre-classification to improve the accuracy of species-specific forest attribute estimates from airborne laser scanner data and aerial images

The aim of this study was to examine whether pre-classification (stratification) of training data according to main tree species and stand development stage could improve the accuracy of species-specific forest attribute estimates compared to estimates without stratification using k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) imputations. The study included training data of 509 training plots and 80 validation plots from a conifer forest area in southeastern Norway. The results showed that stratification carried out by interpretation of aerial images did not improve the accuracy of the species-specific estimates due to stratification errors. The training data can of course be correctly stratified using field observations, but in the application phase the stratification entirely relies on auxiliary information with complete coverage over the entire area of interest which cannot be corrected. We therefore tried to improve the stratification using canopy height information from airborne laser scanning to discriminate between young and mature stands. The results showed that this approach slightly improved the accuracy of the k-NN predictions, especially for the main tree species (2.6% for spruce volume). Furthermore, if metrics from aerial images were used to discriminate between pine and spruce dominance in the mature plots, the accuracy of volume of pine was improved by 73.2% in pine-dominated stands while for spruce an adverse effect of 12.6% was observed.     

基于颜色和深度信息融合的目标识别方法

传统的机器视觉采用二维RGB图像,难以满足三维视觉检测的要求,深度图像能直接反映物体表面的三维特征,正逐渐受到重视。该文提出的方案将RGB和深度信息相结合,分割出物体所在区域,并利用梯度方向直方图(HOG, histograms of oriented gradients)分别提取RGB图像和深度图像特征信息。在分类算法上,该文采用k最邻近节点算法（k-NN）对特征进行筛选,识别出目标物体。试验结果表明,综合利用深度信息和RGB信息,识别准确率很高,此方案能够对物体和手势进行很好识别。     

基于k-NN和Landsa t数据的小面积统计单元森林蓄积估测方法

基于吉林省一个试验区的森林资源一类清查固定样地数据、Landsat TM数据和土地利用数据,采用精度交叉评价方法研究了k-最近邻(k-NN)法用于小面积统计单元森林蓄积估计的有效性。结果表明:k-NN方法对样地覆盖区影像像元单位面积蓄积量的估测平均误差在1.5 m3.hm2之内,相对均方根误差(RMSE′)低于传统的基于绿度指数的线性方程估测方法;采用k-NN方法可以实现县市级统计单元的参数估计,估测效果优于只利用固定样地数据的传统成数估计方法。     

基于改良NB树的内存高维索引算法

基于内容的图像检索是近年来的热门研究内容,其中,有效的高维索引机制是使大规模图像库的检索能够达到实时性要求的关键技术。以往大部分学者都集中研究磁盘索引,但其实在目前大内存的环境下对内存索引的研究也是非常必要。本文运用PCA原理改进了一种理想的内存索引方法NB树,经过改进以后其检索性能得到进一步提高。     

Mapping of the spatial distribution of carbon storage of the Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (Benguet pine) forest in Sagada,Mt. Province,Philippines

The objective of this study is to map the spatial distribution of the aboveground biomass (AGB, tC/ha) storage of the Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (Benguet pine) forest of Sagada, Mt. Province, Philippines by integrating Landsat image and the forest cover map. The data was obtained from 66 plots that were established in the different Benguet pine stands in Sagada. The AGB was estimated using the Digital Numbers (DN) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values (with filter and with no filter). The estimated aboveground biomass (AGB) density of the Benguet pine was determined to be 249.66 tonnes/ha corresponding to 112.35 tonnesC/ha.     

基于多源数据的根河实验区生物量反演研究

森林是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,精确估测森林地上生物量能够减少陆地生态系统碳储量的不确定性。本文以内蒙古大兴安岭根河实验区为研究区,基于森林样地调查数据、Landsat 8 OLI、机载P-波段PolSAR以及ASTER GDEM数据,分别采用多元线性逐步回归法和基于随机森林算法(Random Forest, RF)进行特征优化选择后的k-最近邻(k-nearest neighbors, k-NN)法对研究区森林地上生物量(above-ground biomass, AGB)进行估测,对比验证采用不同类型数据(单传感器数据和多传感器数据)时2种方法的反演结果来寻求森林AGB估测的最优方法和输入因子,最后利用最优的估测方法来反演整个研究区的森林AGB,生成根河实验区的森林AGB等级分布图。结果表明:对于多元线性逐步回归和k-NN 2种不同的方法,森林AGB的反演都表现出较为一致的结果,即采用多传感器遥感数据(Landsat 8 OLI和机载P-波段PolSAR数据)比采用单传感器遥感数据估算的森林AGB精度要高;而在同时采用多传感器遥感数据进行森林AGB的反演中,k-NN算法的估测结果(R2=0.65, RMSE=17.49 t/hm2)明显优于多元线性逐步回归算法(R2=0.36, RMSE=22.08 t/hm2)的估测结果。显然,多源数据协同反演森林AGB可以充分利用每种传感器的优点,提高遥感估测森林AGB的能力;与多元逐步回归方法相比,k-NN算法能够更多地考虑到森林参数同光谱值之间的非线性依赖关系,且能够避免发生过学习现象和样本不平衡问题。      

甘肃黑河流域上游森林地上生物量的多光谱遥感估测

[目的]以黑河流域上游祁连山森林保护区为研究区,利用133个森林样地调查数据、Landsat-5 TM影像和ASTER GDEM产品为数据源,探讨地形对该流域森林地上生物量(above-ground biomass,AGB)估测的影响,以及选择合适的遥感估测方法反演该流域的森林AGB.[方法]首先利用青海云杉特殊的生境范围和绿色植被对比值植被指数(ratio vegetation index,RVI)的灵敏程度,及不同地物对纹理特征的不同响应,制定相应的决策树分类器,将研究区的土地覆盖类型分为两大类:森林(青海云杉)-非森林,并利用133个森林样地调查数据和Google Earth 高分辨率影像的12 722个采样点对分类结果进行验证(总体分类精度达到90.39％,Kappa系数为0.81);然后运用多元线性逐步回归估测法,以及结合随机森林算法(random forest,RF)优化后的k最近邻分类法(k-nearest neighbors,k-NN)进行森林AGB的遥感估测,对比SCS+C地形校正前后青海云杉森林AGB的估测结果,同时比较2种不同估测方法的反演效果;最后利用得到的最优估测方法反演整个研究区的森林AGB,生成黑河流域上游祁连山森林保护区的森林AGB的等级分布图.[结果]SCS+C地形校正前多元线性逐步回归的估测精度为R2=0.31,RMSE =34.41 t·hm-2,地形校正后多元线性逐步回归的估测精度为R2 =0.46,RMSE =30.51 t·hm-2;而基于SCS+C地形校正后的k-NN的交叉验证精度不仅明显高于地形校正前的精度,且显著优于多元线性逐步回归的估测结果,达到R2=0.54,RMSE=26.62 t·hm-2;另外基于最优的k-NN估测模型(窗口为7×7,采用马氏距离,k=3)反演的该流域青海云杉在2009年总的森林地上生物量为8.4×107t,平均森林地上生物量为96.20 t·hm-2.[结论]在地形复杂地区,运用SCS+C模型对地形进行适当校正,能够有效地消除太阳入射角变化引起的地表反射亮度的差异,使影像能够更准确地反映地表信息,提高森林AGB的遥感估测精度;在样本有限的情况下,相对于以大数定律作为理论基础的多元线性逐步回归估测法,k-NN能够避免发生过学习现象和样本不平衡问题,更适于该研究区青海云杉的森林AGB的估测.     

Prediction of Soil Cation Exchange Capacity Using Different Soil Parameters by Intelligent Models

ABSTRACT

The traditional methods for the measurement of soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) are time-consuming and laborious. It is also difficult to maintain stability for long-term experiments and projects. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an indirect approach such as pedotransfer functions (PTFs) to estimate this property from more easily available soil data. The aim of this study was to compare multiple linear and nonlinear regression, classification and regression trees (C&RT), artificial neural network (ANN) model included multiple layer perceptron (MLP) and k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) to develop PTFs for predicting soil CEC. Soil samples, 929, were used into two subsets for training and testing of the models. Sensitivity and statistical analyzes were conducted to determine the most and the least influential variables affecting soil CEC. The prediction capability of models was assessed by statistical indicators included the normalized root-mean-square error (NRMSE) and the coefficient of determination (R²). Results of the present investigation showed that the k-NN and ANN models had the ability to estimate soil CEC by computing easily measurable variables with a guarantee of authenticity, reliability, and reproducibility. Therefore, the results of this study provide a superior basis for predicting soil CEC and could be applied to other parts of the world with similar challenges.     

近红外光谱法鉴别6种根茎类中药材

为建立山豆根、百两金、千斤拔、北豆根、滇豆根、云南豇豆等6种易混淆根茎类中药材的快速鉴别方法，利用近红外漫反射光谱分别采集其在900~1 700 nm内的光谱信息，结合主成分分析、系统聚类分析、K近邻法、线性判别分析建立定性判别模型。结果显示，6种药材在主成分分析及系统聚类分析中表现出了明显的分类聚集特征，K近邻法和线性判别分析对46个药材盲样的鉴别准确率分别达到了93.48%和95.65%。结果表明，近红外漫反射光谱结合模式识别方法可用于根茎类中药材的定性鉴别。