Seawater causes rapid trace metal mobilisation in coastal lowland acid sulfate soils: Implications of sea level rise for water quality

Coastal floodplains are highly vulnerable to inundation with saline water and the likelihood of inundation will increase with sea level rise. Sediment samples from floodplains containing coastal lowland acid sulfate soils (CLASS) in eastern Australia were subjected to increasing seawater concentration to examine the probable effects of sea level rise on acidity and metal desorption. Ten soils were mixed with synthetic seawater concentrations varying from 0% to 100% at a solid:solution ratio of 1:10 for 4 h. There was a slight decrease in pH (≈ 0.5 units) with increasing seawater concentration following treatment, yet, calculated acidity increased significantly. In most soil treatments, Al was the dominant component of the calculated acidity pool. Al dominated the exchange complex in the CLASS and, correspondingly, was the major metal ion desorbed. In general, concentrations of soluble and exchangeable Al, Fe²⁺, Ni, Mn and Zn in all soil extracts increased with increasing salinity. Increasing trace metal concentrations with increasing seawater concentration is attributed to the combined effects of exchange processes and acidity. The increasing ionic strength of the seawater treatments displaces trace metals and protons adsorbed on sediments, causing an initial decrease in pH. Hydrolysis of desorbed acidic metal cations can further contribute to acidity and increase mobilisation of trace metals. These findings imply that saline inundation of CLASS environments, even by relatively brackish water may cause rapid, shorter-term water quality changes and a pulse release of acidity due to desorption of acidic metal cations.     

极端天气影响下城镇洪水水位快速估计与淹没分析

由于城镇化的快速发展和极端天气影响,土地利用与防洪安全的矛盾日益突出,城镇洪涝风险增加。以四川省渠县为研究区域,综合运用历史洪水记录与多年水文观测数据重建洪水水位数据序列,快速估计城镇洪水水位并进行淹没分析。通过分析洪水频率与水位的关系、洪水水位差以及不同位置洪峰相关性,更新渠县沿江主要城镇各重现期洪水水位;结合沿江城镇发展定位和预期人口规模,重新核定防护等级和防洪标准。结果表明:渠县主要城镇的洪水水位较历史水平平均上升40 cm,其中100年一遇、50年一遇和10年一遇洪水水位分别上升至254.75,253.48,250.54 m。根据国家防洪标准,渠县主城区和三汇镇的防洪重现期标准应分别提高至50年一遇和20年一遇,其他沿江城镇和乡村的防洪重现期标准保持为10年一遇。与现行防洪标准相比,提高设防标准可减少农地淹没面积超过30 km²,减少建设用地淹没面积7~8 km²。     

Changes in Soluble Manganese and Iron Concentrations of Tropical Wetland Soils as Influenced by Glyphosate Dosage

Glyphosate is largely used to control weeds in wetland soils of Brazil. We investigated changes in the chemistry of soluble manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) in these soils as affected by glyphosate dosage. Triplicate samples of the A horizon of wetland soils with different organic-matter contents were incubated with deionized water (1:2) for 1, 3, and 30 days under flooding. Three different glyphosate doses (0, 0.048, and 0.096 g L^?1 m^?2) were spiked on the flooded water at the beginning of the incubation periods. After incubation, pH was measured and samples of the supernatant were collected for determination of Mn/Fe concentrations by atomic absorption. Glyphosate application impacted Mn but had no effect on pH and Fe. Soluble Mn concentrations decreased as glyphosate dosage increased for the high organic-matter soil after 3 days of incubation. It indicated that glyphosate application can change the chemistry of soil metals. The intensity of these changes depends on the glyphosate dosage, evolved metal, incubation time, and soil properties.     

The impact of a hydroelectric dam on Neotropical fish communities: A spatio-temporal analysis of the Trophic Upsurge Hypothesis

We employed the trophic upsurge hypothesis as an analytical framework to describe the response of Neotropical fish communities to terrestrial inundation associated with river damming. Data were collected for the impact assessment of the Peixe Angical Dam, Tocantins River, Brazil. Monthly surveys were conducted at nine sites (seven upstream, two downstream) from 15 months before to 20 months after dam closure and a follow-up survey 60–83 months after closure. Fish responses differed in timing and magnitude across sites. In the new reservoir, populations peaked 8–13 months after flooding, demonstrating increases in richness (84 ± 52%), biomass (329 ± 266%) and abundance (681 ± 348%) with the maxima for richness and abundance tending to precede biomass maxima. Populations of all families increased but were greatest for Engraulidae, Hemiodontidae, Serrasalmidae and Characidae, and lower for the benthic catfish: Sciaenidae, Dorididae, Pimelodidae. Downstream populations peaked 5–12 months after closure or showed consistent decline. Five years after dam-closure richness and abundance were lower compared to predam levels, with populations at all sites demonstrating an ongoing decline. Reservoir creation triggers reproductive recruitment and otherwise pools spatially disparate populations from across the flooded valley. If the rise in richness is largely explained by the increased catchability of species otherwise present prior to flooding, it may be more appropriate to estimate species loss with reference to upsurge data. As peak biomass coincides with declining richness, modelling fisheries production from annually aggregated data may risk overestimating the potential for sustainable harvests. Upsurge–response curves can help identify the timing of critical ecological thresholds for flood-managed fisheries.     

Soil salinity in Aceh after the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami inundated about 37,500 ha of coastal farmland in Aceh, and crops planted after the tsunami were severely affected by soil salinity. This paper describes the changes of soil salinity over time on tsunami affected farms and the implications for resuming crop production after natural disasters.Soil salinity and salt leaching processes were assessed across the tsunami affected region by measuring soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) using an electromagnetic induction soil conductivity instrument (EM38) combined with limited soil analysis. The ECa was measured 5 times between August 2005 and December 2007 in both the vertical (EMv) and horizontal (EMh) dipole orientations at 23 sites across Aceh. The level of salinity and direction of salt movement were assessed by comparing changes in mean profile ECa and relative changes in EMv and EMh.Eight months after the tsunami the average soil salinity in the 0-1.2 m soil depth varied from ECe 22.6 to 1.6 dS m⁻¹ across sites in the affected region and three years after the tsunami it varied from 13.0 to 1.4 dS m⁻¹. Soil salinity tended to be higher in rice paddy areas that trapped saline tsunami sediments and held seawater for longer periods. Leaching of salts occurred slowly by both vertical displacement and horizontal movement in surface waters. Hence, soil salinity persisted at a level which could reduce crop production for several years after the 2004 tsunami. High soil salinity persisted three years after the tsunami even though there had been more than 3000-7000 mm of accumulated rainfall to leach salts. The slow leaching is likely to have been due to the loss of functional drainage systems and general low relief of the affected areas.Monitoring of soil salinity with EM38 assisted local agricultural extension agencies to identify sites that were too saline for crops and determine when they were suitable for cropping again. The methodology used in this study could be used after similar disasters where coastal agriculture areas become inundated by seawater from storm surges or future tsunamis.     

Determination of the potential land for securing double-rice cropping in the Cambodian Mekong Delta,based on a sub-area based modeling of flood inundation

Inundated areas of the Mekong Delta are the most important regions for agricultural production in both Cambodia and Vietnam. With population growth and increasing water demand in the dry season, effectively managing available water in the region is vital for crop production. This study is aimed at developing a sub-area based modeling of flood inundation model in order to analyze flood inundation processes in the Cambodian Mekong Delta as a basis for introducing semi-flood control for new cropping systems such as double-rice cropping. The simulated results of the flood inundation model from 2002 to 2003 were utilized for estimating land appearance in the dividing sub-area, and the potential of securing land for double-rice cropping was determined based on the period of land appearance and the cropping schedule. In order to realize the available water for double cropping, consideration of the effect of operating canal gates for controlling the early and receding inundation are crucially necessary. By considering the operation of control gates facilities, the potential land for securing double-rice cropping exceeded about 50 km² compared to the 34 km² of the actual land used for recession rice (about 30 and 20% of the total selected area, respectively). The study confirms that the sub-area based modeling of inundation model can be a helpful tool for water management in the Cambodia Mekong Delta.     

Seasonal floodplain‐tidal slough complex supports size variation for juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Population diversity is a mechanism for resilience and has been identified as a critical issue for fisheries management, but restoration ecologists lack evidence for specific habitat features or processes that promote phenotypic diversity. Since habitat complexity may affect population diversity, it is important to understand how population diversity is partitioned across landscapes and among populations. In this study, we examined life history diversity based on size distributions of juvenile Central Valley Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) within the Yolo Bypass, a remnant transitional habitat from floodplain to tidal sloughs in the upper San Francisco Estuary (SFE). We used a generalized least squares model with an autoregressive (AR1) correlation structure to describe the distribution of variation in fish size from 1998 to 2014, and tested the effect of two possible drivers of the observed variation: (i) environmental/seasonal drivers within the Yolo Bypass, and (ii) the juvenile Chinook source population within the Sacramento River and northern SFE. We found that the duration of floodplain inundation, water temperature variation, season, and sampling effort influenced the observed time‐specific size distribution of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Yolo Bypass. Given the lack of seasonally inundated habitat and low thermal heterogeneity in the adjacent Sacramento River, these drivers of juvenile size diversification are primarily available to salmon utilizing the Yolo Bypass. Therefore, enhancement of river floodplain‐tidal slough complexes and inundation regimes may support the resilience of imperiled Central Valley Chinook salmon.     

尖瓣海莲幼苗对模拟潮汐淹浸时间的适应性研究

室内模拟不同潮汐淹浸时间对红树植物尖瓣海莲幼苗生长的影响,测定植物生理指标(包括叶绿素、超氧化物歧化酶、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛、硝酸还原酶、电导率、根活力等)、生长量和生物量.半年的试验结果表明:叶绿素、根活力和硝酸还原酶随淹浸时间的延长先升后降,而游离脯氨酸、丙二醛和相对电导率随淹浸时间的延长先降后升,并在12 h·d-1处出现骤变分界点;淹浸时间超过16 h·d-1后,尖瓣海莲胚轴发芽率下降,超过14 h·d-1后尖瓣海莲幼苗部分死亡,淹浸24 h·d-1茁木全部死亡;淹浸逆境对幼苗叶片影响最大,叶片数月均增长最大者(淹浸4 h·d-1)比月均增长最小者(淹浸24 h·d-1)增加了450%;总生物量、茎及主根的生物量均在淹浸6 h·d-1处理下最大,当淹浸超过12 h·d-1后,尖瓣海莲幼苗总生物量骤降.结合适应度分析得出:尖瓣海莲的最适淹浸时间为6～8 h·d-1,临界淹浸时间为12 h·d-1.     

哈尔滨市松北区景观渠道沿岸湿地恢复的对策

哈尔滨松北地区是松花江流域典型的洪泛河谷湿地,动植物种类繁多.随着近年人类活动的加剧及城市化规模的发展,湿地受到一定程度的破坏.随着人民生活水平及环保意识的提高,湿地的功能与价值逐渐被人们意识到,特别是如何在发展中保护湿地、恢复湿地功能,成为人们日益关注的热点问题.景观渠道的建设可以充分利用中水,中水既可以成为景观观赏水体也可为沿岸湿地的恢复提供根本保障.该文根据设计理论,利用本地物种和天然牛轭湖景观,提出了景观渠道沿岸湿地恢复的对策.     

Long-term effects of inundation dynamics and agricultural land-use on the distribution of soil macrofauna in fluvisols

The distribution of soil macrofauna was studied in fluvisols. Ordination procedures were used to investigate changes in pppulation structure, long-term effects of agriculture, and inundation dynamics. The main environmental factor in the decrease in species numbers, abundances, and fresh biomass of isopods and diplopods in intensively farmed sites was the gradient of agricultural land-use. The land-use gradient also influenced the earthworm community by increasing the fresh biomass and the mean individual weight of adults. The long-term effects of inundations on the soil macrofauna distribution showed that several species preferred periodically or episodically flooded locations.