Factors influencing decline in soil pH in Hawaiian Eucalyptus and Albizia plantations

Soil pH declined from 5.9 to 5.0 in 8 years beneath plantations of Eucalyptus saligna (Sm.) in Hawaii. In stands of Albizia falcataria, (L.) Fosberg, the soil pH change was more dramatic, declining from 5.9 to 4.6. We measured several components of soil acidity beneath four mixtures of the two tree species to gain insight on the processes responsible for the decline in soil pH. These components were studied using an empirical method of comparing acid quantity, degree of neutralization (depletion of base cations), and acid strength. The decline in soil pH differed between species as a result of differences in the degree of neutralization of the soil exchange complex; the larger decrease in soil pH under Albizia was produced by greater acidification of the exchange complex. Empirical titration curves suggested that differences in acid strength moderated the divergence in soil pH beneath the species. Had the acids accumulating in the soil under Albizia been as strong as those in the Eucalyptus soil, the difference in soil pH would have been greater. Though the two species had contrasting effects on soil pH, the differences in degree of neutralization, responsible for the pH decline, were small compared with differences in the amount of cations stored in tree biomass. Continued supply of nutrient cations (from weathering or fertilization) will ultimately control both the extent of soil pH decline and the level of productivity sustained by the forest.     

酸益(SI)在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用比较

选用杂种仔猪杜×(长×川白)24头,于28±2日龄断奶,以玉米-豆粕型日粮饲喂,进行为期30d的饲养试验,研究日粮中添加0.1%复合酸化剂-酸益SI、0.1%复合酸化剂FD和降低1.5%乳清粉用量对断奶仔猪生产性能、日粮酸和力及肠道大肠杆菌数的影响.结果表明,添加复合酸化剂-酸益(SI)可明显提高仔猪日增重,改善料肉比,大幅度降低腹泻率,降低乳清粉用量与饲料成本.其料肉比、日增重与使用进口产品FD差异不显著(P＞0.05).     

Enzyme Bioprospection of Marine-Derived Actinobacteria from the Chilean Coast and New Insight in the Mechanism of Keratin Degradation in Streptomyces sp. G11C

Marine actinobacteria are viewed as a promising source of enzymes with potential technological applications. They contribute to the turnover of complex biopolymers, such as pectin, lignocellulose, chitin, and keratin, being able to secrete a wide variety of extracellular enzymes. Among these, keratinases are a valuable alternative for recycling keratin-rich waste, which is generated in large quantities by the poultry industry. In this work, we explored the biocatalytic potential of 75 marine-derived actinobacterial strains, focusing mainly on the search for keratinases. A major part of the strains secreted industrially important enzymes, such as proteases, lipases, cellulases, amylases, and keratinases. Among these, we identified two streptomycete strains that presented great potential for recycling keratin wastes—Streptomyces sp. CHA1 and Streptomyces sp. G11C. Substrate concentration, incubation temperature, and, to a lesser extent, inoculum size were found to be important parameters that influenced the production of keratinolytic enzymes in both strains. In addition, proteomic analysis of culture broths from Streptomyces sp. G11C on turkey feathers showed a high abundance and diversity of peptidases, belonging mainly to the serine and metallo-superfamilies. Two proteases from families S08 and M06 were highly expressed. These results contributed to elucidate the mechanism of keratin degradation mediated by streptomycetes.     

施石灰和秸秆还田对双季稻产量和氮素吸收的互作效应

红壤稻田面临土壤酸化和肥力偏低的双重挑战。施石灰和秸秆还田分别是稻田土壤酸化改良和培肥的有效措施,但二者的互作效应尚不清楚。本研究连续4年(2015—2018年)在江西省开展施石灰和秸秆还田双因素田间定位试验,旨在探明施石灰和秸秆还田对红壤双季稻田水稻产量和氮素吸收的互作效应。结果表明,施石灰和秸秆还田均显著提高了早、晚稻的产量和氮素吸收,且二者具显著的协同促进效应。秸秆还田下,施石灰使早稻产量和氮素吸收分别增加10.7%和15.5%;而在秸秆不还田下,增幅仅分别为4.4%和9.7%。秸秆还田下,石灰使晚稻产量和氮素吸收分别提高18.7%和24.6%;但在秸秆不还田下,增幅则分别为10.5%和5.7%。施石灰对早、晚稻产量和氮素吸收的促进效应随试验年限的增加而减弱。石灰对土壤pH值的提升效应随试验年限的延长显著降低。试验4年后,石灰对土壤有机质和全氮含量均无显著影响;秸秆还田显著提高了土壤有机质含量,而对全氮含量无显著影响。因此,秸秆还田配施石灰能够协同实现双季稻增产、土壤酸化改良与培肥。本研究表明在此酸性的红壤双季稻田上每4年左右施用一次石灰为宜。     

Life-history variation in perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) in five neighbouring Norwegian lakes

Abstract – We have studied the population dynamics and reproductive biology of perch ( Perca fluviatilis L.) from five neighbouring lakes in Norway. The lakes vary in water quality, varying from strongly acidified (pH≤5.0) to not acidified (pH≥6.0). Estimated annual survival rates did not differ among populations. There was no strong relationship between age at maturity in female perch and acidification. However, age at maturity was lower for female perch from the most acidic lake ( c . 2 years) compared with perch in the four other lakes (2.5–3.5 years). There was no relationship between acidification level and size-adjusted egg size, fecundity or reproductive investment (Gonadosomatic index – GSI). Perch in the most acidified lake showed large variation in egg size, the lowest length-specific fecundity, the highest GSI, and the lowest age at maturity. Environmental stress, such as acidification, induces a number of changes to a lake community. It is therefore difficult to predict how acidification will influence the population dynamics and reproductive biology of a perch population.     

海洋暖化和酸化对黄姑鱼早期生长发育的影响

以黄姑鱼(Nibea albiflora)为研究对象,根据IPCC 2013典型浓度排放路径(RCP)对2100年海洋温度和p H的预测值,分别选择减缓温室气体排放情景(RCP 2.6)和高温室气体排放情景(RCP8.5),设置温度和p H两个因素,在实验室条件下模拟气候变化,探究海洋暖化和酸化对黄姑鱼早期生长、发育的影响。结果显示,在基础温度24.0℃条件下,黄姑鱼进入稚鱼期的时间为25 d,高温处理(26.0℃~28.0℃)生长加快,仅为22 d,同时,随着温度升高(26.0℃、26.6℃和28.0℃),生长率逐渐增加(0.73、0.74和0.78 mm/d),并且各处理组之间生长率存在显著差异(P0.05),但死亡率在26.6℃最高,26.0℃最低。黄姑鱼死亡率在p H为7.80、7.73和7.49时分别为3.9%、19.4%和21.7%,各处理组死亡率差异显著(P0.05),但p H对黄姑鱼早期生长率影响不显著(P0.05)。通过逻辑斯蒂生长方程拟合,结合IPCC对2100年温度和p H的预测,到2100年,在RCP 2.6情景下,黄姑鱼早期生长率为0.71 mm/d,死亡率为31.1%;在RCP 8.5情景下,黄姑鱼生长率最高达到0.76 mm/d,死亡率为23.9%。在海洋酸化和暖化的共同作用下,黄姑鱼的早期补充将会受到影响。     

柱撑酸化蒙脱土催化合成丙烯酸正丁酯的研究

将蒙脱土经不同方法进行改性处理,并以此为催化剂,催化丙烯酸与正丁醇反应生成丙烯酸正丁酯。考察了以微波处理的柱撑酸化蒙脱土为催化剂催化合成丙烯酸正丁酯的反应条件。结果表明,以微波处理的柱撑酸化蒙脱土催化效果最好,适宜的反应条件为：丙烯酸为0.1 mol,醇酸的摩尔比为1.2：1,阻聚剂为对苯二酚,其用量为0.3 g,约为丙烯酸质量的4%,催化剂的用量1.7g,约为丙烯酸质量的20%,反应的时间为7 h,在回流状态下,其酯化率为84.1%。催化剂可以重复使用。     

中国水稻土酸化时空变化特征及其对氮素盈余的响应

针对水稻土酸化造成作物减产和严重污染环境的问题,收集了1979—1985年全国第二次土壤普查成果和2015—2017年水稻土质量等级调查成果,结合2005—2015年全国测土配方施肥数据,采用空间分析和统计分析方法,分析了1979—2017年,39年间中国水稻土pH值空间分布的变化;计算了39年间不同水稻土pH值分级和区域的水稻土酸化速率,探讨了39年间氮肥投入变化量和土壤理化性质与水稻土酸化速率的关系;估算了2015—2017年水稻土单位面积氮素盈余量,并进一步量化了氮素盈余量与水稻土pH值变化量的关系。结果表明:39年间水稻土受土壤酸胁迫程度加剧,特别是水稻土由酸性(pH值为5.5~6.5)转变成强酸性(pH值小于等于5.5)的面积比例增加,这主要集中在长江中下游中部、南部和华南区中部、南部。39年间水稻土平均pH值下降了0.26,其中,东北区、长江中下游区、华南区平均pH值分别下降了0.34、0.29和0.58,西南区平均上升了0.14。39年间水稻土酸化速率从大到小依次为碱性水稻土、中性水稻土、酸性水稻土、强酸性水稻土,区域上水稻土酸化速率从大到小依次为东北区、华南区、长江中下游区、西南区。39年间,氮肥投入量和土壤容重变化量与水稻土酸化速率存在极显著的正相关关系,有机质含量和耕层厚度变化量与水稻土酸化速率存在极显著的负相关关系。2015—2017年,氮素盈余量与水稻土pH值变化量呈显著的负相关关系,氮素盈余量增加会造成水稻土酸化加剧。划定了3类水稻土治理分区,提出“治酸、防酸、控酸”的总体策略,并分区域制定了治理措施,可为水稻土酸化阻控和地力提升提供参考。     

Fertilizer ammonium : nitrate ratios determine phosphorus uptake by young maize plants

We investigated the interacting effects of inorganic nitrogen and the main inorganic phosphorus form in dairy manure (dicalcium phosphate, CaHPO₄) on growth, nutrient uptake, and rhizosphere pH of young maize plants. In a pot experiment, three levels of CaHPO₄ (0, 167, and 500 mg P pot^?1) were combined with nitrogen (637 mg N pot^?1) applied at five NH₄‐N : NO₃‐N ratios (0 : 100, 25 : 75, 50 : 50, 75 : 25, and 100 : 0) and a nitrification inhibitor in a concentrated layer of a typical acid sandy soil from Denmark. ¹⁵N‐labeled NH₄‐N was applied to differentiate the role of nitrification and to partition nitrogen uptake derived from NH₄‐N. Among treatments including nitrogen, shoot biomass, rooting and phosphorus uptake were significantly higher at the five‐leaf stage when CaHPO₄ was applied with NH₄‐N : NO₃‐N ratios of 50 : 50 and 75 : 25. In these treatments, rhizosphere pH dropped significantly in direct proportion with NH₄‐N uptake. The fertilizers in the concentrated layer had a root‐inhibiting effect in treatments without phosphorus supply and in treatments with pure NO₃‐N or NH₄‐N supply. Increased nitrogen uptake as NH₄‐N instead of NO₃‐N reduced rhizosphere pH and enhanced acquisition of applied CaHPO₄ by young maize plants, which may have positive implications for the enhanced utilization of manure phosphorus.