反刍动物对不同方法加工处理青粗饲料的利用效果

总结了农作物秸秆、青贮饲料和苜蓿的国内外加工处理方法及反刍动物对其的利用效果。     

柴达木盆地家畜育肥饲草料营养成份分析

对柴达木盆地地产育肥饲草料进行了营养成份分析，结果表明，柴达木盆地地产饲草料育肥家畜的日粮配方，与省内其他地区育肥家畜日粮配方的营养水平基本相当，只是磷含量较少，应适当增加磷比例。     

Feeding fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) with either barley straw or pasture silage to non-lactating dairy cows

AIMS: To determine the suitability of diets containing either approximately 85% fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) with barley straw or 65% fodder beet with pasture silage when fed to non-lactating dairy cows, by measuring intakes, digestibility, rumen function including microbial growth, and N excretion.

METHODS: Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with permanent rumen fistulae were fed either 65% fodder beet with pasture silage (Silage; n=8) or 85% fodder beet with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) straw (Straw; n=8) in an indoor facility over a 9-day period, for measurement of intakes, digestibility, rumen function and urine production. The cows were adapted to the diets over 2 weeks before the indoor measurements. Feed was available for about 6 hours/day, as practiced commercially for wintering non-lactating cows.

RESULTS: Five cows fed the Straw diet had to be removed from the trial because of acute acidosis; four on Day 1 of the measurement period and one on Day 7. One cow allocated to the Silage diet refused to eat fodder beet bulbs and was also removed from the trial. Two cows fed the Silage diet were also treated for acidosis. DM intakes were lower with the Straw than Silage diets (6.4 (SE 0.4) vs. 8.3 (SE 0.5) kg/day) and organic matter (OM) digestibility was lower with the Straw than Silage diets (77 (SE 1) vs. 83 (SE 1) g/100g). The N content of the two diets was 1.14 and 1.75?g/100?g DM and there was a net loss of N by cows fed the Straw diet (?22.7 (SE 7) g/day). Rumen microbial N production was much lower in cows fed the Straw than the Silage diet (6.6 (SE 1.3) vs. 15.8 (SE 0.7) g microbial N/kg digestible OM intake). Concentrations of ammonia in rumen liquid collected on Days 5–6 were below detection limits (<0.1?mmol/L) in 36/48 (75%) samples collected from cows fed the Straw diet and in 27/48 (56%) cows fed the Silage diet. Mean urinary N excretion was lower in cows fed the Straw than the Silage diet (52.0 (SE 5.8) vs. 87.7 (SE 5.9) g/day).

CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVENCE: An over-wintering diet for dry cows comprising about 65% fodder beet with 35% pasture silage provided adequate nutrition, although there was some risk of acidosis. In contrast, the diet containing about 85% fodder beet with barley straw resulted in lower DM intakes, poor rumen function, negative N balance so that both nutrition and welfare were compromised.     

Potential of Fodder Soybean Genotypes for Phosphorus Removal in Poultry Manure-Enriched Soils

Plant-based phosphorus (P) remediation strategies have been suggested to reduce high P accumulation in soil. Eleven fodder soybean genotypes were evaluated to explore their potential for the removal of P from poultry manure-enriched soils. Field experiments were conducted at a site that had a history of heavy poultry manure applications. Green house experiments were conducted using the soils selected for field trials to confirm the results. Harvesting of whole plants, excluding roots of the genotypes, was done at the pod formation stages and plant samples were oven dried at 70°C for three days. The dry samples were ground and analyzed for total P content. Genotype 091734, provided the maximum P removal from amended and unamended soils. Fodder soybean genotypes could play an important role in the extraction of P from poultry manure-enriched soils, which are important from the ecological point of view.     

奶牛饲喂装置中螺旋输送器的设计及三维造型

螺旋输送器用于物料输送过程的设计在设计资料中较为常见,但它应用于奶牛饲喂装置时,从设计角度讲有许多特殊性。螺旋输送器的主要尺寸及动力参数设计得是否合理,将直接影响到物料的计量精度。为此,对奶牛饲喂装置中螺旋输送器的设计做了较为详尽的论述,并对其三维造型过程进行了简要的论述。     

冬春鲜喂饲用油菜收获机滚刀式切碎装置设计与试验

针对长江中下游地区饲用油菜生物量大、含水率高,缺乏适用收获机械的问题,开展了冬春鲜喂饲用油菜机械化收获切碎装置设计与试验。根据物料特性、切碎及抛送等作业要求,确定了平板型滚刀式切碎装置主要结构参数和作业参数;采用单因素与二次旋转正交组合试验研究了喂入压辊转速与切碎器主轴转速对茎秆切碎长度合格率和功耗的影响,构建了长度合格率和功耗与喂入压辊转速和切碎器主轴转速的回归方程,优化得出了最佳作业参数。试验结果表明:喂入压辊转速为400～550 r/min,切碎器主轴转速为600～800 r/min,茎秆切碎长度合格率较优。优化得出喂入压辊转速496. 17 r/min、切碎器主轴转速为709. 14 r/min时,茎秆切碎长度合格率为91. 16%。采用平板型滚刀式切碎装置开展鲜喂饲用油菜收获田间试验和饲喂试验表明:收获饲用油菜切碎茎秆长度满足饲用油菜冬春鲜喂要求。     

浮性水产饲料膨化加工参数优化研究

为优化浮性水产饲料挤压膨化加工参数,以膨化度、容积密度、吸水性和溶失率作为饲料加工品质评价指标,采用响应面分析法研究了螺杆转速、出料段机筒温度和物料含水率对饲料加工品质的影响,并利用扫面电镜观测了饲料微观形貌。结果表明：适中的螺杆转速、出料段机筒温度以及低物料含水率,有利于形成较高的饲料膨化度;高螺杆转速与高出料段机筒温度有利于形成较低的饲料容积密度、吸水性以及溶失率;优化后的浮性水产饲料膨化加工参数为螺杆转速130 r·min^-1,出料段机筒温度150 ℃,物料含水率10%,其加工后的饲料膨化度、容积密度、吸水性和溶失率分别为1.223、0.398 g·mL^-1、214.803%、4.297%;优化后的浮性水产饲料微观表面相对光滑圆润,物料的熔融效果较好,结构质密,饲料膨化加工综合质量较好。     

花绒穴甲幼虫人工饲料的开发研究

花绒穴甲幼虫人工饲料的成分为蚕蛹粉、干燥酵母、安息香酸盐、山梨酸、蔗糖、蛋白胨、无水柠檬酸、酵母抽取物、墨鱼油（ 或大豆油） 和蒸馏水,经杀菌处理制成．在吸水棉上添加人工饲料,转移接种花绒穴甲小幼虫（ 体长平均６ ．８ ｍ ｍ） 饲养,花绒穴甲幼虫平均取食时间为５ ．１ ｄ,老熟幼虫体长平均为１２ ．３ ｍ ｍ ．经结茧、化蛹的过程,在室内成功培养出花绒穴甲子代成虫．从花绒穴甲子代成虫的羽化率、雌雄鞘翅长等项指标看,用人工饲料饲养和用中间寄主饲养的结果基本相同     

平凉市16个粮饲兼用型玉米杂交种丰产稳定性分析

引入粮饲兼用型玉米杂交种16个,以中单2号为对照进行试验。结果表明,不同杂交种在不同环境条件下产量稳定性有较大差异。沈单10号(V1)高产稳产,是个较理想的杂交品种,可在本区大面积种植。     

Achieving food and nutritional security through agroforestry: a case of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Faidherbia albida</Emphasis> in sub-Saharan Africa

Faidherbia albida is an ideal agroforestry tree commonly intercropped with annual crops like millet and groundnuts in the dry and densely populated areas of Africa. With its peculiar reverse phenology, it makes growth demands at a different time from that of crops. In addition, it deposits great amount of organic fertilizer on food crops. Leaves entering soils are comparable to fertilization of almost 50 t·ha 1 ·year 1 of manure in dense stands of 50 large trees per ha. These nutrients help maximize agricultural production and reduce the need for a fallow period on poorer soils. Research has shown that millet grown under F. albida yielded 2.5 and 3.4 fold increases in grain and protein, respectively. Animals eat pods which contain mean amounts of crude protein of 20.63% and carbohydrate of 40.1% in seeds. Moreover, the continued existence of F. albida in agroforestry parklands as in Ethiopia and Mali signifies the success of traditional conservation measures. Modern scientists have also developed much interest in the role of agroforestry in maintaining long-term biological balance between agriculture and livestock production systems. To ensure food security, which still remains a major challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, and concurrently minimize environmental degradation, promotion of agroforestry that specifically involves indigenous trees is crucial. We discuss the prospective role of F. albida in alleviating poverty while simultaneously protecting the environment from factors associated with, for example, deforestation and loss of biodiversity. The overall aim is to promote wide-scale adoption of F. albida as a valuable tree crop in farming systems, particularly in those areas where it remains unexploited.