贻贝浮筏养殖设施水动力效应及附生海藻碎屑输运的数值模拟

基于三维海洋数值模式(estuarine coastal ocean model, semi-implicit, Ecom-si)对枸杞岛邻近贻贝养殖海域的水动力进行了数值模拟研究。通过在模型动量方程中添加动量损耗项,实现了对贻贝浮筏养殖设施阻流效应的模拟,采用实测数据对模型进行了潮位及流速的验证。利用验证良好的数值模型模拟了潮流驱动下养殖设施附生海藻碎屑漂移及沉降。结果表明,贻贝养殖设施及养殖贝串在海表的阻流效应使表层流速降低了约80%,中、下层流速分别降低了约50%和30%,在养殖海域外围因过流面的减小使得养殖场外围的流速有所增大。应用拉格朗日质点追踪模块模拟的结果表明,当碎屑质点处于悬浮状态即质点沉降速率(w)为0 m/s时,质点需要约600 h才能达到36.79%(e^-1)的沉底率;且无阻流效应时,沉底质点的分布在距养殖区中心9.0～10.5 km的区域内,有阻流效应时,质点的沉底范围分布在距养殖区中心7.5～8.5 km的区域内。当w大于0 m/s时,3种碎屑沉降速度的结果差异不大,大约在80 h内质点的沉底率达到99%,无阻流效应时质点沉降区域为距养殖...     

沪蓉西高速公路弃土场渣体侵蚀特征——以宜(昌)至长(阳)段为例

随着我国高速公路的迅速发展，由此形成的水土流失已成为突出的环境问题。为探讨高速公路建设期间弃土场渣体侵蚀规律，在沪蓉西高速公路宜长段Ⅰ标区弃土场布设观测小区进行定位观测和分析研究。结果表明：（1）降雨量与弃土场渣体侵蚀量呈显著的正相关关系。在不考虑影响坡面渣体侵蚀其它因素前提下，随降雨量的增大，渣体侵蚀量逐渐加大。（2）研究区堆渣体沟蚀发生严重，局部坡面渣体侵蚀量高达92848t／km^2。调查发现沟深下切深度基本在40cm以内，受坡面汇水面积影响，从坡上到坡脚，堆渣侵蚀量逐渐加大。     

枸杞岛海藻场角蝾螺夏季摄食选择性及其生态学意义

于2013年夏季对枸杞岛海藻场螺类优势种角蝾螺进行了稳定同位素、摄食选择性、消化代谢物粒径等系列实验.稳定同位素结果显示,角蝾螺是牧食性生物,在藻场中的营养级为2.12,属初级消费者,底栖海藻是角蝾螺的主要食源,贡献率为94.5％;摄食选择性实验结果显示,角蝾螺具有较宽的摄食选择,能够摄食海带、铜藻、粗枝软骨藻等1 1种大型藻类,其中铜藻及蜈蚣藻是枸杞岛潮下带的重要优势种;消化代谢物实验结果显示,角蝾螺的啃食作用能为藻场碎屑提供增量,角蝾螺对海藻场碎屑的增量为(0.016 ～0.094)g/d,经过啃食及消化作用产生的碎屑主要粒级为1Φ(＞ 250 μm).稳定同位素分析—摄食选择偏好实验—螺类消化代谢物粒径分析的系列研究表明,角蝾螺在枸杞岛海藻场的群落食物网中,可以起到连接牧食食物链和碎屑食物链的重要作用.     

Population ecology and prey consumption by fathead minnows in prairie wetlands: importance of detritus and larval fish

Abstract –  The fathead minnow Pimephales promelas occurs in high densities in wetlands of the prairie pothole region (PPR) of North America, but food resources sustaining these populations are poorly known. We assessed population dynamics and prey consumption of fathead minnow populations in three PPR wetlands for 2 years. Fish density peaked at 107 fish per m² for all age classes combined. Larval and juvenile fish dominated these populations in terms of abundance and accounted for 83% of total prey consumption. Detritus dominated fish diets, representing 53%, 40% and 79% of diet mass for larval, juvenile and adult fish respectively. Detritus consumption was positively related to minnow density and negatively related to invertebrate abundance, but only for adult fish. Seasonal production:biomass ratios were unrelated to proportions of detritus in the diet for all ages of fish, indicating that detritus is an important food resource capable of meeting metabolic demands and sustaining fish growth in high-density populations. Detritus consumption may also weaken links between abundance of invertebrate prey and minnows, promoting dense fish populations with strong, consistent influences on wetland ecosystems.     

Breeding and larval rearing of threatened, endemic fish stonesucker, Garra ceylonensis (Bleeker)

This study was aimed to develop captive breeding and nurture the young of stonesucker (Garra ceylonensis, Bleeker), a small threatened freshwater fish species endemic to Sri Lanka. Breeding of stonesucker was possible under indoor conditions without hormonal stimulation. They were single spawners having a fecundity of 562±176 eggs per fish (total length of 7.9±0.6 cm) with an egg size of 770–1877 μm. Duration of development stages were, egg to hatchling 36–48 h, hatchling to postlarva stage 3–4 days, postlarva to juvenile stage 5–64 days and adult stage in 300–365 days at 26–28°C. Juveniles exhibited bottom dwelling habit in 70–75 days. Postlarva fed with formulated feed exhibited the highest growth (P<0.05) compared with live diets, Artemia and microworm (Anguillula sp.). Although the juveniles revealed a significantly high growth performance (P<0.05) with swine liver diet up to day 45 compared with formulated feed and combination of detritus and plankton, formulated feed exhibited an increase in growth from day 50. Therefore, formulated feed could be used for rearing of postlarva and juvenile stages without any live feeds.     

A partial substitution of microalgae with single cell detritus produced from seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis) for the nursery culture of tropical oyster (Crassostrea belcheri)

Oyster seed production in hatchery and nursery systems has relied on the production of microalgae, which is cost effective, but often unpredictable. The development of a satisfactory substitute diet would greatly reduce production costs of hatchery operations. Single cell detritus (SCD) production from seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis) may have great potential as a partial substitute for microalgae. In this experiment, a technique for producing SCD was developed and the product was used as a partial substitute for microalgae for the nursery culture of juvenile tropical oysters (Crassostrea belcheri) in a hatchery setting. A reverse osmosis technique was used on ground seaweed (particle size <200 μm) immersed in freshwater and placed on a shaker at 100 rpm for 2 h before being returned to seawater. This technique was shown to be highly effective for SCD production with a density of 33.7 ± 7.0 × 10⁴ cell mL^?1 and the percentage of SCD particle diameter <20 μm was 89.2%. A partial replacement of microalgae with SCD was found to be unsuitable for nursing oyster larvae. For juvenile oysters (shell width 1.85 ± 0.03 mm and shell length 1.78 ± 0.06 mm) substituting 75% of microalgae with SCD showed lower absolute shell growth, and lower daily yields and survival rates when compared to rates substituting 50% or lower substitution with SCD, or 100% microalgae (P < 0.05). It was found that substituting 50% of the traditional microalgae with SCD produced from seaweed (P. haitanensis) can be used as a partial microalgae substitute for the nursery culture of the juvenile tropical oyster.     

巢湖典型小流域表土磷的空间分异特征及影响因素分析

研究了巢湖北部的烔炀河-岐阳河小流域土壤、富磷地质区岩石风化碎屑及烔炀河沉积物等表土物质中总磷（TP）含量,以及NaOH提取态磷（NaOH-P）、HCl提取态磷（HCl-P）、有机磷（OP）等形态组成特征,探讨了富磷地质区岩源性磷及人为污染对表土磷空间分异的影响。结果表明,土壤中TP平均含量为436.8mg·kg-1,其形态组成以OP和NaOH-P为主,分别占到TP含量的41.6%和32.0%,HCl-P平均百分含量为11.8%;富磷地质区岩石风化碎屑中TP平均含量4539.5mg·kg-1,其形态组成以HCl-P为主,NaOH-P、HCl-P、OP分别占到TP含量的0.5%、74.9%、3.5%;烔炀河沉积物中TP平均含量为683.0mg·kg-1,NaOH-P、HCl-P、OP分别占到TP含量的45.0%、20.6%、24.9%。空间上,HCl-P含量在流域上游的富磷地质区最高;NaOH-P含量在流域上游地区较低,而在流域中游-下游地区逐渐增加。烔炀河-岐阳河小流域表土中总磷含量与形态组成空间分异受到富磷地质区岩源性磷及人为污染的共同影响,其中岩源性磷对流域上游地区影响较大,而在中下游地区受到生活污水及化肥施用等人类活动的影响程度较大。     

枸杞岛海藻场两种大型海藻碎屑分解和沉降特征

岛礁水域海藻场是近岸海域典型的生态系统,大型海藻分解产生的碎屑是海藻场生态功能的重要基础。为探究大型海藻碎屑对海藻场生态功能潜在规模的贡献,本研究以枸杞岛海藻场孔石莼和舌状蜈蚣藻为对象,通过现场挂袋实验和室内静水沉降测试,分析了两种海藻碎屑的组分、粒径和沉降特征。结果显示,分解过程中舌状蜈蚣藻和孔石莼的碎屑密度均逐渐减小,且各自在不同分解时期无显著差异。舌状蜈蚣藻碎屑中有机C含量和有机N含量对密度变化影响不显著,孔石莼碎屑中有机C含量对密度没有显著影响,而有机N含量对密度有显著影响。孔石莼碎屑的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N对其密度有显著影响,舌状蜈蚣藻碎屑的密度只受δ¹³C影响。两种海藻碎屑的密度都受木质素含量的显著影响,受纤维素含量的影响不显著。粒径是两种海藻碎屑沉降速度的决定性要素之一,研究表明,舌状蜈蚣藻大型碎屑(粒径>0.830 mm)、中型碎屑(0.380～0.830 mm)和小型碎屑(0.180～0.380mm)的沉降速度分别为0.016～0.023、0.008～0.015和0.004～0.005 m/s,孔石莼...     

某库区大型堆积体成因机制三维离散元模拟

在对大渡河左岸某大型堆积体的物质组成及结构特征、成因机制分析的基础上,恢复岸坡原始地形地貌,以此建立了地质原型。根据岩体中最为发育的垂直节理面以及层面来划分单元,建立大约6000多个单元,滑体以下的滑床基岩部分作为固定单元处理。采用离散单元法对堆积体运动过程中各演化阶段进行模拟,由此得出堆积体的演化过程划分为滑移-拉裂、碎屑流两个阶段,其成果与定性判断相吻合。