柏木低效林不同改造模式中土壤微生物及酶活性的研究

[目的]探讨不同改造模式对柏木Cupressus funebris低效林的改造效果,为低效林改造提供理论和技术参考.[方法]以四川省德阳市旌阳区柏木低效林改造区5种种植模式[核桃(无植草)、核桃+菊苣、核桃+苜蓿、核桃+鸭茅、纯柏(对照)]为对象,研究林地土壤微生物、酶活性的时空分布格局.[结果]对柏木低效林进行改造后,各种植模式中的土壤微生物数量、酶活性明显增加,核桃+菊苣模式最为明显,其微生物总数、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶含量分别提高了112.5％、7.7％、33.0％、39.1％和62.9％,且0～15 cm土层显著高于15～ 30cm土层(P＜0.05).土壤微生物与4种酶活性季节变化规律不一,真菌数量以夏季最高,放线菌以春季最高,而细菌则表现为秋季最高;过氧化氢酶活性以秋季最高,其他3种酶活性皆以春季最高.土壤微生物总量与蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶呈显著正相关(P＜0.05),与过氧化氢酶呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01).[结论]各改造模式均在一定程度上改善了土壤肥力,而核桃+菊苣模式改造效果最佳.     

川保V号粉剂防治蜀柏毒蛾药效试验及应用

川保V号粉剂是新研制的化学药剂,药效试验,防治3~4龄幼虫用药15 kg.hm-2,在168 h后虫口减退率达98.9%,林间大面积防治,同等用药量,平均虫口减退率也在90.5%以上,每公顷防治成本68元左右。川保V号防治蜀柏毒蛾效果良好,在蜀柏毒蛾高虫口林子内应用很有价值。     

桤柏混交林的效益探讨

桤柏混交林是川中丘陵区的主要造林类型。本文对不同年龄阶段的桤柏混交林进行了对比研究。结果表明：２６年生的混交林中其柏木在单位面积上的蓄积最比纯柏木林大８０．６％，地上中分生物量比纯林高４７．２％；混交林柏木的Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ，Ｃａ等营养元素含量分别 比纯柏林高６５．４７％，５０．４３％，７．７０％和１７．９６％；混交林内空气相对湿度比纯柏木林大９．４－１０．５％，混交林能改善生态环境，提高土壤肥力。     

The decline of Austrocedrus chilensis forests in Patagonia, Argentina: soil features as predisposing factors

The forests of Austrocedrus chilensis in southern Argentina suffer mortality from “mal del ciprés”, whose causes remain unknown. The purpose of this work was to establish the relation of soil features with the occurrence of the disease. In Río Grande Valley, Chubut Province, Argentina, 14 areas with “mal del ciprés” were selected for study. The spatial pattern of the decline varied among the different areas and was classified as aggregated and disaggregated. In each area, symptomatic and asymptomatic plots were established and characterized by 11 edaphic and topographic variables. Three forest areas where the disease was totally absent were also included. Site features were related to the occurrence of the decline using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Results indicated that soil properties related to poor internal drainage, such as the proximity to water streams, non-allophanized soils of fine textures, and redoximorphic features, act as predisposing factors to the development of “mal del ciprés”. Poor soil drainage was strongly associated not only with the occurrence of the disease, but also with its spatial pattern. Symptomatic and asymptomatic plots presented similar edaphic features in areas with a disaggregated distribution of the decline and were grouped together in the multivariate analysis. This result suggests that large areas with such a pattern are prone to develop the decline.     

Allometric model of the Reineke equation for Japanese cypress (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Chamaecyparis obtusa</Emphasis>) and red pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus densiflora</Emphasis>) stands

An allometric model that explains the mechanism of the difference in the slope of the Reineke equation (A) among species was proposed based on the allometric relationships of mean tree height (H) to quadratic mean diameter D (H ∝ D ^θ ) and stand density N (H ∝ N ^δ ), i.e., A = θ/δ. The proposed model was fitted to Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) and red pine (Pinus densiflora) stands. The allometric exponents θ and δ were, respectively, 0.8995 and −0.5000 for cypress and 0.8612 and −0.6619 for pine. The difference between cypress and pine was significant for δ but not for θ. Inserting the exponents into the model resulted in predicted slopes of −1.7991 for cypress and −1.3011 for pine. The difference in the slope of the Reineke equation between the two species was produced by characteristics related to the tree crown, rather than characteristics related to stem slenderness. The proposed model enables us to estimate the slope of the Reineke equation from commonly measured stand attributes, such as mean tree height and quadratic mean diameter. Therefore, the proposed model is expected to be practical and convenient for estimating the slope of the Reineke equation and for explaining the mechanism of its variation among species. The model should be also accepted as a generalized model of the stand density versus quadratic mean diameter relationship, whereas the original Reineke equation should be seen as a specific case of this model.     

Assessing raindrop impact energy at the forest floor in a mature Japanese cypress plantation using continuous raindrop-sizing instruments

The raindrop size distribution of throughfall and open rainfall was monitored continuously during a rainfall event using laser raindrop-sizing instruments (LD gauges), in order to calculate the raindrop impact energy in a plantation of mature Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), where surface erosion at the forest floor had been a problem. Data from two rainfall events were analyzed. The LD gauges recorded qualitative raindrop size distribution, and the capture rate during each rainfall event was used to manipulate raindrop data quantitatively. Throughfall and open rainfall comparisons revealed several important differences. First, throughfall raindrops were fewer in number and larger in size than open rainfall drops. In one rainfall event, for example, throughfall raindrops were less than one-fifth as frequent as open rainfall raindrops; in addition, the maximum throughfall raindrop diameter was 6.35mm compared to 3.31mm for open rainfall raindrops. Second, throughfall raindrops that were larger than the largest open rainfall raindrops comprised 63.8% of the throughfall precipitation by volume. Third, total raindrop impact energy from throughfall was over twice that of open rainfall. Moreover, comparison of throughfall events implied that throughfall raindrops did not always have a uniform distribution between different events or among different periods of time in one rainfall event, in contrast to findings in previous studies which showed that throughfall raindrops had a uniform size distribution independent of rainfall intensity. It is possible that an abrupt transition of throughfall intensity from low to high changes the distribution of throughfall raindrops.     

池杉苗圃地化学除草试验

池杉苗圃地的化学除草试验结果表明：克芜踪以剂量３０００ｍｌ／ｈｍ＾２的除草率最高，可达８０％，但除草不彻底。剂量为４５００－７５００ｍｌ／ｈｍ＾２的草甘膦，除草率可高达８５．５％。二甲四氯与克芜踪混施，最佳配方是３０００ｍｌ／ｈｍ＾２克芜踪＋１５００ｍｌ／ｈｍ＾２二甲四氯，除草率高的可达９０．８８％除草效果与成本考虎，３种除草剂中以草甘膦除草率高，杂草死亡彻底，成本较低。     

桤柏混交林林下植被结构及生物量动态

林下植被是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,在森林生态系统的物质循环、生物多样性以及演替、发展等方面具有重要的作用.选取具有代表性的10,15,20,25 a桤(Aluns cremastogyme)柏(Cupressus fu-nebris)混交林和由桤柏混交林演替而来的30 a纯柏林为研究对象,研究了川中丘陵区桤柏混交林的林下植被结构及生物量的动态变化.(1)灌丛和草本的物种丰富度在10～20 a间增加,20～30 a间,灌丛物种丰富度显著降低,草本层无明显变化.(2)灌丛和草本层的高度在10～15 a间显著增加,15～30 a间缓慢降低,灌丛高度具较大的空间异质性.(3)灌丛和草本层的盖度在15 a前后有显著的上升和下降,20～30a间无显著的变化;草本层的盖度高于灌丛,且空间异质性小于灌从.(4)灌丛生物量在15 a前后有显著增加和下降,20～30 a间相对稳定;草本层生物量在10～30 a间呈波动性变化,但总体上呈下降趋势.研究结果表明,在桤柏混交林的生长发育过程中,林下植被的结构和功能呈逐渐退化趋势.     

Changes in soil chemical and physical characteristics in Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) stands by mixture of deciduous broad-leaved trees in the northern Kanto region of Japan

In order to clarify the effects of a mixture of deciduous broad-leaved trees on soil fertility, we investigated litter biomass accumulation, mineral soil chemical and physical characteristics, characteristics of nitrogen mineralization, and the mutual relationships between them in Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) stands mixed with deciduous broad-leaved trees at different ratios (mixture ratio; MR = 0, 16, 33, 43, 100% by basal area) in the northern Kanto region of Japan. Litter biomass in the forest floor and mineral soil was 19.1 Mg ha⁻¹ in MR 0% and decreased approximately 60 % in MR 33%, MR 43% and MR100%. The permeability at 0–5 cm soil depth in MR100% was twice as much as that in MR 0%. Increases in soil permeability were likely due to larger soil pores in the higher MR with much accumulated deciduous broad-leaves. At 0–5 cm soil depth, the differences in carbon concentration among the plots were not clear. On the other hand, carbon concentrations at 5–10 cm depth increased from 90 g kg⁻¹ to 147 g kg⁻¹ with increases in MR from 0% to 100%. Concentrations of exchangeable bases increased two to four times with increases in MR from 0 to 100% at 0–10 cm depth. Soil pH (H₂O) generally increased with increases in MR at each depth. The rates of net nitrogen mineralization at 0–5 cm depthin vitro increased from 25 to 87 mg kg⁻¹ 2 weeks⁻¹ with increases in MR from 0 to 100%. However, increases in nitrification with increases in MR were not clear compared with nitrogen mineralization. These results indicated that a mixture of deciduous broad-leaved trees in a Japanese cypress stand was effective in preventing soil fertility decline. This study was supported by a grant from the Showa Shell Sekiyu Fundation for Promotion of Environmental Research. A part of this study was presented at the 7th International Congress of Ecology (1998).     

几种引进柏树的抗旱性评价

通过植物叶片的保水力、光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率以及胁迫前后脯氨酸与可溶性糖含量变化等指标对几种引进柏树和国内乡土种(侧柏)的抗旱性强弱进行对比研究。结果表明:在叶片保水力方面,大西洋扁柏(T4)>大阿杂交柏2(CC5,)>阿拉斯加扁柏(N2)>北美爬地柏(H1)>美国扁柏(L3)>大阿杂交柏1(CC4)>侧柏(Ce);在光合速率方面,N2>Ce>H1>L3>T4>CC5>CC4;在蒸腾速率方面,N2>Ce>H1>L3>T4>CC5>CC4;水分利用效率方面,L3>T4>CC4>H1>Ce>N2>CC5;脯氨酸积累量方面,L3>Ce>CC5>CC4>H1>T4>N2;可溶性糖增加量方面,CC4>CC5>L3>Ce>N2>T4>H1。运用模糊数学的隶属函数法对7个引进柏树的抗旱能力做综合评价,引入种L3、N2、CC5、T4、CC4在抗旱能力方面均强于国内乡土种侧柏(Ce),而H1抗旱性弱于侧柏(Ce)。