橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis microspora)的生物学特性研究

橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis microspora)是导致采后橄榄果实腐烂的主要病原菌,本文研究了pH、温度、光照、碳源、氮源等条件对橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢菌落生长、产孢和分生孢子萌发的影响。结果表明,橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢生长最适pH为6,最适温度24~26℃;产孢最适pH为7,最适温度24~26℃,光暗交替条件下产孢量最多;以D-果糖、甘露醇为碳源和以蛋白胨为氮源的培养基最有利于橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢菌丝的生长,以葡萄糖、蔗糖为碳源和以蛋白胨为氮源的培养基最有利于该菌产孢;分生孢子萌发最适pH为6,最适温度26~28℃,全黑暗条件下孢子萌发率最高;该菌菌丝致死温度为54℃(30 min),分生孢子致死温度为56℃(20 min)。     

The use of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of stored-grain insects

The present contribution discusses the recent advances in the biological control of stored-grain insects with entomopathogenic fungi (EF). Thus, the effect of formulated vs. unformulated strains of EF and the effect of combinations of EF with other components, i.e. diatomaceous earths (DEs), chemical insecticides, natural products and natural enemies against stored-product insects are reviewed. Very few formulations of EF strains have been developed and used, of which invert emulsion formulation (water-in-oil type) is considered the most important. A synergistic effect of EF is produced by combining them with DEs, chemical insecticides and natural products but not with natural enemies belonging to arthropods. Moreover, since the action of EF against insect pests in general, and stored-grain insects in particular, is compatible with the food safety and environmental regulations, a good perspective for these biocontrol agents is expected as alternatives to synthetic insecticides. The potential areas of future research on the effective use of EF as biocontrol agents of stored-grain insects and the constraints that are associated with the registration and commercialization of EF as biopesticides under storage conditions are also discussed. Suggestions for the possible ways for implementation of this technology in storage systems are also provided in the present study.     

Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences and conditions affecting the type of conidial germination of Bipolaris oryzae

One taxonomic characteristic of Bipolaris species is the bipolar germination of conidia, but conidia of Bipolaris oryzae , the causal pathogen of brown spot in rice, are regularly observed to show intercalary germination, a characteristic of Drechslera species. The effect of selection, culture media and culture age on type of conidial germination was determined for three brown spot isolates from Cavinti, San Pablo and Palawan in the Philippines, obtained from infected leaves showing typical disease symptoms. Based on the analyses of their ITS1, ITS2 and 5·8S rDNA nucleotide sequences, the local isolates were clearly identified as B. oryzae . Selection for colonies of the three isolates derived from single conidia with either bipolar or intercalary germination had no effect on the number of spores showing bipolar germination in subsequent cultures. Germination on seven different culture media was tested; of these, rabbit food agar and water agar increased the percentage of bipolar germination of conidia, although this varied between isolates. Incubation of the cultures of all three isolates for longer periods prior to harvesting conidia increased the percentage of bipolar-germinating conidia from c . 40 to c . 90% with 5-day-old and 30-day-old cultures, respectively.     

In vitro antifungal activity of brassinin, camalexin and two isothiocyanates against the crucifer pathogens Alternaria brassicicola and Alternaria brassicae

In vitro assays investigated the responses of Alternaria brassicicola and A. brassicae isolates towards two crucifer phytoalexins and two isothiocyanates (ITC) by evaluating their potential toxic effects on different fungal growth parameters. Although variable responses towards each compound was observed within the species A. brassicicola , the results obtained confirmed the antifungal effects of camalexin, brassinin, allyl- (AlITC) and benzyl- (BzITC) isothiocyanates, at different developmental stages of both Alternaria species. Irrespective of the tested isolate, the phytoalexin camalexin exhibited the greater inhibitory effect with mean EC₅₀ values ranging from 34  µ m (germ-tube elongation) to 183  µ m (mycelial growth). Germ-tube elongation was more sensitive compared to conidial germination and mycelial growth, with mean EC₅₀ values of the former of 81  µ m , 520  µ m and 870  µ m for brassinin, BzITC and AlITC, respectively.     

环境条件对桃褐腐病菌生长和分生孢子萌发的影响

为了探明影响桃褐腐病发生和发展的因素,研究了温度、pH值、光照、营养条件等对桃褐腐病菌的生长和分生孢子萌发的影响。结果显示：桃褐腐病菌营养生长最适温度范围为20～25℃;最适pH值范围为6～7;光暗交替有利于该菌生长;供试的7种培养基中,PDA＋KNO3对生长最有利。分生孢子萌发的最适温度为25℃,最适pH值为8,最适营养液为1％蛋白胨液。     

9种农药对荔蝽菌孢子萌发和菌落生长的影响

研究常用杀虫剂、杀菌剂、杀螨剂对荔枝蝽寄生菌淡紫拟青霉（Ｐａｅｃｉｌｏｎｙｃｅｓｌｉｌａｃｉｎｕｓ）孢子萌发和菌落生长的影响。结果表明硫酸铜、瑞毒霉素、甲基手托布津、霸螨灵等药剂对荔蝽菌孢子萌发和菌落生长均有较强的抑制作用；杀虫双、敌杀死抑制作用最弱；多菌灵、氧化乐果、敌敌畏、敌百虫等农药抑制作用居中。     

花生疮痂病菌生物学特性研究

由疮痂病菌（Elsinoë arachidis) 引起的花生疮痂病,近年来在辽宁省大面积发生,严重制约花生产业的健康发展。本文对花生疮痂病菌生物学特性开展了系统研究。结果表明,花生疮痂病菌在PSA上菌落褶皱、隆起,生长缓慢,在最适培养基PSA上培养30d菌落直径仅为28.1mm,最适碳氮源分别为半乳糖和酵母浸粉,最适温度25℃,pH4~6时菌丝长势良好,黑暗有利于该菌的生长,菌丝致死温度为48℃;分生孢子萌发最适pH值为5,最适温度为25℃,最适碳源为1%葡萄糖,最适氮源为1%丙氨酸和1%甘氨酸,光照对分生孢子萌发差异不显著,分生孢子致死温度为47℃。     

9种生物制剂对甘薯长喙壳菌的抑制作用及防治效果

为筛选防治甘薯黑斑病的生物农药,测定了9种生物制剂对甘薯长喙壳菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的抑制作用,并进行了防治效果验证。结果表明,四霉素对分生孢子萌发以及菌丝生长均表现出最强的抑制作用,EC50分别为0.10和0.15 mg/L;丁子香酚次之,EC50分别为0.24和0.93 mg/L。四霉素对薯苗黑斑病具有较好的防治效果,当接种甘薯长喙壳菌分生孢子浓度为5×104孢子/m L时,四霉素有效用量6与9 mg/L处理的防治效果分别为66.67%和78.57%;当接种浓度为5×105孢子/m L时,四霉素有效用量6与9 mg/L处理的防治效果分别为77.44%和90.23%。本研究为生物农药应用于甘薯黑斑病的防治提供了依据。