Exogenous application of allelopathic water extracts helps improving tolerance against terminal heat and drought stresses in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Em. Thell.)

The allelopathic water extracts (AWEs) may help improve the tolerance of crop plants against abiotic stresses owing to the presence of the secondary metabolites (i.e., allelochemicals). We conducted four independent experiments to evaluate the influence of exogenous application of AWEs (applied through seed priming or foliage spray) in improving the terminal heat and drought tolerance in bread wheat. In all the experiments, two wheat cultivars, viz. Mairaj‐2008 (drought and heat tolerant) and Faisalabad‐2008 (drought and heat sensitive), were raised in pots. Both wheat cultivars were raised under ambient conditions in the wire house till leaf boot stage (booting) by maintaining the pots at 75% water‐holding capacity (WHC). Then, managed drought and heat stresses were imposed by maintaining the pots at 35% WHC, or shifting the pots inside the glass canopies (at 75% WHC), at booting, anthesis and the grain filling stages. Drought stress reduced the grain yield of wheat by 39%–49%. Foliar application of AWEs improved the grain yield of wheat by 26%–31%, while seed priming with AWEs improved the grain yield by 18%–26%, respectively, than drought stress. Terminal heat stress reduced the grain yield of wheat by 38%. Seed priming with AWEs improved the grain yield by 21%–27%; while foliar application of AWEs improved the grain yield by 25%–29% than the heat stress treatment. In conclusion, the exogenous application of AWEs improved the stay green, accumulation of proline, soluble phenolics and glycine betaine, which helped to stabilize the biological membranes and improved the tolerance against terminal drought and heat stresses.     

果树自交不亲和性的遗传与生理机制及其研究

在简要介绍植物（包括果树）自交不亲和性与生理控制机制的基础上，着重对梨、苹果、杏等果树自交不亲和性的研究进行了综述，内容包括花柱内花粉管生长特点、花柱S糖蛋白的特性与作用机理以及果树自交不亲和的分子生物学研究，并提出了该领域有待研究的问题。     

Use of androgenesis in intersubspecific hybrid rice breeding

Significant differences of callus induction, green plant regeneration and culture efficiency were observed among restorer lines and their hybrids in rice. Average callus induction percentage of F₁, hybrids was about twice that of their parents. Twenty doubled haploid (DH) lines that showed normal fertility with both indica and japonica CMS lines, were selected as widely compatible restorers (WCRs). TG8 derived from CPSLO17/Minghui 63 not only showed normal fertility to both indica and japonica test varieties and CMS lines, but also exhibited superior agronomic traits, in particular short plant, desired plant type, high tillerability, large panicles, good grain quality and resistance to rice blast disease. Strong heterosis for yield was observed in crosses between indica or japonica CMS lines and TG8. TG8 possessed a dominant, widely compatible gene (WCG) that was inherited from the variety CPSLO17. Results confirmed that the anther culture technique is a quick and effective way of developing widely compatible restorers in rice and that it is applicable to the direct use of intersubspecific heterosis with the three-line method.     

非亲和性稻瘟病菌对水稻的诱导抗性

为研究稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae不同菌株间的相互作用,选择与单抗性基因系水稻IRBL5-M （携带抗性基因Pi5）表现为亲和性的菌株HN52与非亲和性的菌株HN119为研究对象,将其单独或混合接种到单抗性基因系水稻IRBL5-M中,并通过荧光显微镜观察接种后水稻叶鞘的发病情况及病斑面积,测定接种后水稻内相关抗性基因OsWRKY45、OsNPR1、OsPR10、OsMAPK2的表达量以及活性氧的变化。结果显示,相较于单独接种亲和性菌株,混合接种后单抗性基因系水稻IRBL5-M病斑发病面积减少;混合接种中亲和性菌株HN52菌丝侵染能力降低,侵染菌丝细胞间扩展率显著降低73.13%;同时单抗性基因系水稻IRBL5-M中OsWRKY45、OsNPR1、OsPR10和OsMAPK2抗性基因表达量显著增加,水稻叶片中活性氧含量增加,表明在菌株混合侵染过程中,非亲和性菌株可通过激发水稻的抗性反应来降低亲和性菌株对水稻的侵染程度。     

云南光壳稻亲和性品种的筛选与鉴定

以ＩＲ３６等１１个灿稻品种和秋光等８个粳稻品种为测验种，对毫梅、毫秕等１２个云南光壳稻亲和品种的亲和谱和亲和力进行了鉴定。结果表明，在供试的１２个云南光壳稻亲和品种中，品种毫秕对１０个灿稻和７个粳稻测验种表现亲和，亲和组合百分率最高（８４．２％），亲合组合百分率在６０％以上的还有毫梅（７５．０％）和镰刀谷（６８．４％）；亲和力最好的是大白糯，其与灿、粳测验种表现亲合的各组合的Ｆ１平均小穗结实率为７     

Application of biochar in mitigation of negative effects of salinity stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that affects crop production throughout the world. Biochar is an activated carbon soil conditioner that can alleviate the negative impacts of salinity. The research was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative effect of 1% and 2% of biochar application on wheat seed germination and growth attributes under salinity. Both levels of biochar improved the germination and growth conditions under salinity; however, 2% biochar level was more effective compared to 1% level. Root and shoot length increased up to 23% and11% with 2% biochar, respectively. The maximum increase of 16% and 10% in leaf water potential and osmotic potential was noted with 2% biochar at 150 mM salt. The decrease in proline content and soluble sugar at 2% biochar was 51% and 27%, respectively. Decrease in superoxide dismutase activity was 15.3% at 2% level of biochar under stress biochar mitigates the negative effects of salinity and improved wheat productivity.     

红肉火龙果新品种‘金都1号’

 ‘金都1号’火龙果是从中南美洲火龙果原种（Hylocereus costaricensis）与红肉种（H. polyrhizus）的杂交后代中选育出的新品种。果实短椭圆形,平均单果质量572.5 g,果肉深紫红色,可溶性固形物含量21.2%,可食率78.8%,味清甜,有玫瑰香味,品质优。生长健壮,易成花,自花亲和性好,丰产稳产性好,不易裂果,适宜在广西桂南及华南气候相似地区种植。     

Breeding of widely compatible restorer lines in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through anther culture

Following anther culture of various F₁ hybrids of indica restorer (R) lines/wide compatible varieties (WCVs) and japonica R lines/WCVs, the homozygous diploid plants (2n) generated were test-crossed with indica WA type cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile (CMS) line Zhanshan 97A (WA), indica testers Nanjing 11 and Nante, japonica BT CMS line Hanfeng A (BT), and japonica testers Balilla and Akihikari to identify widely compatible restorer lines. The results of this study showed that among the diploid pollen plants generated from F₁ hybrids of indica R lines/WCVs, 36.7% and 64.7% possessed normal fertility restoration ability (rate of seed-setting > 80%) to Hanfeng A and Zhanshan 97A, respectively. 71.3% and 32.3% had normal fertility restoration ability to Hanfeng A and Zhanshan 97A, respectively, in diploid pollen plants derived from the japonica R lines/WCVs F₁'s anther culture. Several widely compatible R lines were selected from anther culture of F₁ hybrids of indica R lines/WCVs and japonica R lines/WCVs. These widely compatible R lines derived from diploid pollen plants showed good wide compatibility and restoration ability both to WA and BT type CMS lines. Strong standard heterosis of major agronomic traits and yield traits was observed in F₁ test-crosses of widely compatible R lines with Hanfeng A and Zhanshan 97A. The wide compatibility in widely compatible R lines H17, H158 and H281 was studied by a set of three-way crosses. Segregation of the fertile plants with seed-setting rate > 70% and semi-fertile plants with seed-setting rate > 69.9% agreed with a ratio of 1:1, indicating that wide compatibility in these widely compatible R lines is governed by a pair of major genes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

水稻广亲和品种与籼、粳稻的亲和力遗传分析

分析了广亲和品种02428,CP—SLO_(17)和轮回422与籼、粳稻杂种F_1、F_2及F_3世代亲和力与颖尖色的遗传特点,结果表明,具有一个广亲和品种的组合,F_1花粉育性与结实率正常,均在70%以上,F_2结实率呈连续变异,但主要分布在60～80%区域,平均结实率65.1%,F_3育性变异度与F_2基本一致,但平均结实率有明显提高。两个广亲和品种间杂交后代育性显著提高,F_2结实率低于60%的单株较少,而不含广亲和品种的组合F_1表现半不育,F_2呈正态分布,平均结实率43.4%,主要分布在40～60%之间。以上说明广亲和基因是存在的,广亲和力既受主效基因支配,也有微效基因参与作用。颖尖色出现3∶1或9∶7分离,有色颖尖与高结实率连锁明显,因此,颖尖色可以作为选择广亲和基因的标记性状。     

水稻粳型亲籼系籼粳型属性的程氏指数鉴定

为了提高鉴定粳型亲籼系籼粳型属性的准确性，用程氏指数鉴定了待测粳型亲籼系及其杂交后代的籼粳型属性。结果表明：用程氏指数鉴定粳型亲籼系的籼粳型属性的结果准确率较高，且年度间和季度间的稳定性好；偏粳型品种与籼型或偏籼型品种杂交，其F1多为籼型和偏籼型。用程氏指数法从15个待测粳型亲籼系中鉴定出1个粳型品系和4个偏粳型品系。另外，秧苗的KClO3抗性可作为鉴定粳型亲籼系籼粳型属性的一个指标，改良程氏指数能提高鉴定粳型亲籼系籼粳型属性的准确性。