Pelargonium flower-break and pelargonium line pattern viruses in the Netherlands; purification,antiserum preparation,serological identification,and detection in pelargonium by ELISA

Two viruses, detected frequently in the Netherlands in pelargonium, were identified by serology and test plant reactions. Antisera were prepared and an ELISA procedure was developed to detect the viruses in pelargonium.One of the viruses, PFBV-N, proved to be pelargonium flower-break virus. With the antiserum to PFBV-N, it could be detected reliably throughout the year inPelargonium zonale Springtime Irene.The other virus, PLPV-N, was serologically closely related to pelargonium line pattern virus (PLPV) and to pelargonium ring pattern virus (PRPV), as were an old virus isolate from Saturnus, collected in the Netherlands in 1971 (L128), and PLPV isolates from Yugoslavia (PLPV-Y) and Denmark (PLPV-D). There were only minor differences in host-plant reactions between the virus isolates. Based on these tests, PLPV and PRPV are considered as isolates of the same virus, for which, for practical reasons, the name pelargonium line pattern virus is proposed.PLPV could be reliably detected by ELISA inP. zonale Springtime Irene and Amanda throughout the year with only a few exceptions. InPelargonium peltatum Tavira, however, reslts were erratic due to uneven distribution of virus in the plant. Best results were obtained when petioles of fully expanded leaves were tested.     

Effects of early cleaning on young Picea abies stands

Young Norway spruce stands (Picea abies [L.] Karst) are typically cleaned of non-crop species on one or several occasions during young stand stage. In order to objectively evaluate the perceived benefits of early cleaning (EC), we studied the effects of EC on three study sites 2–2.5 years after receiving the treatment. Experiments were established as a randomised complete block design with a total of 40 blocks. Although height growth and mortality were not significantly affected, we found that EC substantially reduced canopy competition and, consequently, the mean diameter of released spruce grew 21–32% faster depending on the site. Furthermore, non-crop trees that were cleared during EC had fewer sprouts in two of the three sites and the sprouts were substantially smaller than the corresponding non-crop trees on control in all sites. EC can reduce the cost of pre-commercial thinning because EC reduced the estimated time needed for subsequent management by 18–49%. Thus, EC offers forest owners and managers an economically viable young stand management option.     

改良石蜡切片法观察金针菇子实体不同发育时期组织结构

运用改良石蜡切片法制备了金针菇(Flammulina filiformis)子实体不同发育时期的切片,观察其菌褶和菌柄的细胞结构。结果表明,以柠檬烯为透明剂,金针菇子实体组织结构清晰、完整、无皱缩。观察不同发育时期的金针菇子实体组织切片发现,金针菇原基内部有呈菌丝无规则扭结状态的菌盖结构,随着子实体不断发育,菌盖下端有菌褶结构分化,随后菌柄结构随菌盖发育而进一步分化,菌柄组织细胞状纵向紧密排列,横切面有维管束状细胞呈外紧密内疏松状排列且其间有孔洞出现,菌褶菌髓部呈菌丝与球泡状细胞共同存在的异型分布结构。     

柑橘黄化脉明病毒的TGB基因生物信息学分析及亚细胞定位

柑橘黄化脉明病毒(Citrus yellow vein clearing virus,CYVCV)是一种正义单链RNA病毒。其基因组含有6个开放阅读框(ORF),其中ORF2、ORF3和ORF4组成了三基因连锁结构(triple gene block,TGB)。以感染CYVCV的尤力克柠檬[Citrus limon(L.)Burm.f.]植株的总RNA为模板,扩增和克隆了CYVCV的TGB基因,并开展了其编码蛋白的理化性质和分子特性等生物信息学分析;进而通过In-Fusion~?技术构建了TGB各基因的亚细胞定位载体,经农杆菌介导转化洋葱表皮细胞并在荧光显微镜下进行亚细胞定位观察。生物信息学分析结果表明,CYVCV-TGB具有与Potexvirus属病毒TGB相似的理化性质和分子特性,可能参与病毒在寄主中的运动且需要外壳蛋白的参与。亚细胞定位结果显示,TGBp1定位于细胞壁(膜)上,TGBp2和TGBp3主要定位于细胞壁(膜),少量呈星点状定位于细胞内。研究结果为揭示CYVCV在寄主中的运动机理奠定了基础。     

不同稻田状态下克无踪快速灭茬控草试验

为控明不同稻田状态下克无踪快速除草灭茬的效果，2000年在湖南宁乡进行了克无踪用药量、对水量、施药时天气、增效剂、前作留茬高度等对除草剂清的效果试验。结果表明：克无踪有效用量为3.75L/hm^2左右，视杂草基数适当增减；对水量对灭草和灭稻茬的效果有较大的影响；二甲四氯、乙草胺、碳铵＋氯化钾可不同程度地提高克无踪的控草效果；卵茬高率不同的主要影响稻茬原再生蔸率和再生株数。推荐克无踪施用量，早稻冬泡田为3.00-3.75L/hm^2，早稻冬干田3.75-4.50L/hm^2，晚稻免耕田为3.75L/hm^2，同时加入碳酸氨铵45kg/hm^2和乙草胺450mL/hm^2为增效剂，对水900kg/hm^2于傍晚或清晨喷施，晚稻免耕清茬时，前茬留茬高度不超过4cm杂草枯黄以后应及时灌水淹没杂草或稻茬，以有效控制杂草或稻茬再生。     

Produksie en kwaliteit van ‘n aantal grasspesies in die Combretum‐veld van noord‐transvaal

Uittreksel

Die produksie en kwaliteit van vyf spesies (Themeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus, Digitaria eriantha var. pentzii, Schmidtia pappophoroides en Eragrostis rigidior) is by verskillende frekwensies van ontblaring op ontbosde en onontbosde bosveld gemeet. In die daaropvolgende jaar is intensiteit bygebring met minder frekwensies en is die spesies na drie verminder (H. contortus, D. eriantha var. pentzii, en S. pappophoroides).

Ontbossing het by al die spesies, behalwe D. eriantha var. pentzii ’n hoogsbetekenisvolle verhoging in produksie tot gevolg gehad, sonder enige noemenswaardige invloed op kwaliteit.

Die spesies het verskil in hul reaksie op frekwensie van ontblaring, maar die 3‐ weeklikse en jaarlikse ontblarings het byna deurgaans swakker as die 6‐ en 9‐weeklikse onblarings presteer.

Alhoewel die spesies aanvanklik in twee groepe verdeel en aan verskillende stelle ontblaringsintensiteite onderwerp is, het die intensiteit wat 12 cm Stoppel laat, in alle gevalle die hoogste produksie gelewer.     

不同机械干清粪频次对生长猪舍内环境和粪污排放的影响

本试验以刮板式机械干清粪系统为对象,研究不同清粪频次对生长猪舍内环境和粪污排放的影响。选取216头90日龄、体重39 kg左右的三元杂交生长猪,随机分配在12个猪栏中,根据猪的排泄特征设置2种清粪频次作为试验处理(2次/d、3次/d),试验期间每个处理重复7次。结果表明:与日清粪3次相比,日清粪2次猪呼吸高度处与人呼吸高度处的舍内氨气(NH_3)浓度都有所降低(P>0.05),猪呼吸高度处的舍内CO_2浓度降低8.78%(P<0.01),均能满足猪舍空气质量要求;单位体重粪便收集量提高32.3%(P<0.05),单位体重污水收集量降低3.39%(P>0.05);与日清粪3次相比,日清粪2次污水中各污染物浓度除TN外均有所降低(P>0.05)。结果表明生长猪舍运用机械干清粪系统清粪时采用2次/d的清粪频次可以满足猪舍空气质量要求和污水处理难度。     

高通量测序鉴定柑橘黄化脉明病毒诱导柠檬差异表达microRNA

 柑橘黄化脉明病毒(Citrus yellow vein clearing virus,CYVCV)是我国新发生的危害柠檬的重要病毒。本研究对接种和未接种CYVCV的柠檬叶片样品进行了高通量小RNA测序,以甜橙基因组作为参考,采用生物信息学软件进行miRNA鉴定和靶基因预测。结果显示CYVCV侵染对13个保守miRNA和12个新鉴定的非保守miRNA的表达具有调控作用,对这些差异表达miRNA的靶基因进行预测和功能分析的结果显示,保守miRNA的靶基因功能在植物逆境反应及光合作用和能量代谢相关通路中具有明显的富集现象,推测与CYVCV侵染柠檬植株及诱导病害症状表现有关,而多数新鉴定的非保守miRNA的靶基因功能未能注释到KEGG通路。采用实时荧光定量PCR对部分miRNA的表达水平进行了分析,结果表明miRNA的表达水平在接种CYVCV后30~90 d呈时间动态变化。研究结果为进一步揭示CYVCV与柠檬互作机制提供了重要信息。     

玉米收获机聚氨酯橡胶筛筛分性能仿真与试验

为降低玉米贯流式风筛加工成本、加工难度以及提高筛面物料的分散程度,采用新型聚氨酯橡胶筛代替金属筛,试验测得筛面上各颗粒相与聚氨酯橡胶间的静摩擦因数、碰撞恢复系数等物理参数,并推导出聚氨酯橡胶的剪切模量。利用EDEM建立筛板上的各颗粒相模型,通过CFD-DEM耦合方式对聚氨酯橡胶筛上不同区域的颗粒相数量进行数值模拟分析。聚氨酯橡胶筛的仿真结果表明,相同时间聚氨酯橡胶筛上颗粒相的分散度大于金属筛上颗粒相的分散度,证明聚氨酯橡胶筛更有利于物料的分散,进而提高筛面的使用效率。当喂入量为5 kg/s,玉米清选装置入口风速为12 m/s时,清选装置清选损失率为1.93%,达到玉米收获机国家标准和行业标准要求,聚氨酯橡胶筛使籽粒清洁率达到95.3%,相对于金属筛提高了16.33个百分点。     

基于数据挖掘的旷惠桃教授治疗痛风用药规律研究

目的 应用中医传承辅助系统软件分析旷惠桃教授治疗痛风（Gout）的用药及组方规律。方法 收集旷惠桃教授2015年9月-2016年5月治疗痛风部分病例,录入“中医传承辅助平台（V2.5）”系统,采用系统中的关联规则、改进互信息法、复杂系统熵聚类等无监督数据挖掘方法,探析旷教授治疗痛风的常用药物及分析方剂中的组方规律。结果 对纳入的69名患者,共198首处方、119味中药进行分析,使用频次>100次的高频使用药物有牛膝、土茯苓、车前子、萆薢、地龙、灵芝、威灵仙、黄柏、泽泻、黄芪;药物类别主要包括清热药、利湿药、活血通络药;常用药对包括：土茯苓-牛膝,土茯苓-萆薢,牛膝-萆薢,车前子-牛膝,车前子-土茯苓,车前子-萆薢等;挖掘旷惠桃教授治疗痛风的基本方及5首新处方。结论 旷惠桃教授临床善于运用清热、解毒、利湿之方药治疗痛风。