The effects of stubble burning and tillage on soil carbon sequestration and crop productivity in southeastern Australia

Abstract. In Australia, stubble burning and tillage are two of the major processes responsible for the decline of soil organic carbon concentration in cropped soils, and the resulting soil degradation. However, the relative importance of these two practices in influencing the soil organic carbon concentration and the long-term impact on soil quality and productivity are not clear. The effects of stubble burning as practised by farmers in southeastern Australia were evaluated in two field trials, one of 19 years duration, the other of 5 years. Conventional tillage (three tillage passes) led to greater loss of soil organic carbon than stubble burning. Loss of total soil organic carbon attributed to stubble burning in the 0–10 cm layer was estimated to be 1.75 t C ha⁻¹ over the period of the 19-year trial, equivalent to 29% of that lost due to tillage. In the 5-year trial, no change in soil organic carbon due to stubble burning was detectable. Changes in soil quality associated with stubble burning detected in the longer trial included a reduction in macro-aggregate stability, and increases in pH and exchangeable K⁺. Only the latter two were detected in the shorter trial. A higher mean wheat yield (average 0.15 t ha⁻¹) following stubble burning was observed in the 19-year trial but not in the 5-year trial. Research to monitor the longer term effects of stubble burning is needed, and to identify conditions where loss of soil organic carbon is minimized.     

稀薄燃烧空燃比控制技术

为解决能源和环境两大难题,使发动机工作在稀薄燃烧区,而稀薄燃烧技术的关键是发动机空燃比的控制;采用先进的计算机控制技术使发动机在最佳稀薄空燃比下工作,有效改善发动机动力性、燃油经济性、降低尾气污染。     

玉米幼芽提取物凝胶对家兔皮肤烧伤的抗氧化损伤作用

制备1,1.5和2 mg/g的玉米幼芽提取物(Extract of maize plumule,EMP)凝胶,用2 mol/L的NaOH复制家兔皮肤烧伤模型,并分别用上述EMP凝胶进行治疗,同时设立EMP盐酸溶液阴性对照组、烧伤止痛膏阳性对照组和生理盐水空白对照组,各组均连续处理14 d。于烧伤后第1,7,14和21天取各组家兔烧伤部位皮肤,制成100 mg/g组织匀浆液,检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量,并进行组织病理学和透射电镜观察,探讨EMP凝胶对家兔皮肤烧伤脂质过氧化损伤和炎症反应的影响。结果表明,与空白对照组相比,EMP凝胶治疗组SOD和CAT活性极显著提高(P<0.01),MDA含量显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)降低(除7 d时1 mg/g EMP凝胶治疗组外);与阴性对照组相比,EMP凝胶治疗组SOD和CAT活性显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)提高、MDA含量显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)降低(除7 d时1 mg/g EMP凝胶治疗组外);EMP凝胶可促进组织细胞生长,减轻皮肤局部组织炎症反应,与阳性对照组结果一致。表明EMP凝胶在皮肤烧伤治疗中具有较强的抗脂质过氧化损伤、抑制炎症及促进愈合的作用。     

Calcium nutrition of the sugarbeet

Abstract

When sugarbeet seedlings are transferred from a complete nutrient solution to one from which Ca has been withheld, the rootlets and tops fail to develop. The same transfer at the eight‐leaf stage causes the rootlets to become stubby and swollen at the tips and blade expansion becomes modified; particularly the upper portions of the blades attaining nearly full development, which pucker and often develop a cupping or hooding effect; a unique symptom characteristic of Ca deficiency. As each new leaf develops, the blade area becomes smaller until only a black tip remains at the apex of the petiole, which is the symptom referred to as tip‐burn for this petiole and the successively . shorter petioles formed as Ca deficiency increases in severity. Strangely, these symptoms also appear during periods of rapid growth when the nutrient solution contains as much as 10 to 28 milliequivalents per liter of Ca or when soils are high in Ca. This implies that Ca absorption and possibly translocation limits the Ca supply at the growing point. Increasing Mg in the nutrient solution decreases Ca uptake and increases Ca deficiency. Potassium deficiency, unexpectedly, induces Ca deficiency apparently by decreasing the translocation of Ca to the growing point.

These phenomena suggest the hypothesis that when ion absorption takes place from the root exchange site that has the affinity for H > Ca > Mg > K > Na, then the H generated internally replaces, and the roots absorb, Na, K and Mg preferentially. Externally, Ca would be adsorbed preferentially from the nutrient solution by the exchange complex, and with the addition of Mg, it would compete for the common adsorption site of Ca and limit Ca absorption internally. Under these conditions potassium‐deficient nutrient solutions would not induce Ca deficiency by decreasing Ca absorption but rather by decreasing Ca translocation. Theoretically, Ba would replace H more readily than Ca on the exchange complex, and therefore, Ba would be adsorbed preferentially and Ca uptake would increase. This effect of Ba was verified experimentally.

Since the translocation of ⁴⁵Ca to the growing point was found to be unrestricted under Ca‐sufficient and Ca‐deficient conditions and since the formation of insoluble Ca compounds such as phosphate or oxalate did not account for the Ca deficiency at the growing point, the cause of the Ca deficiency at the growing point is most likely the higher priority of the storage root for Ca over tops when leaf blades and storage root are both expanding rapidly. However, Ca retransport from older to younger parts of the sugarbeet plant may be restricted by the formation of Ca phosphate under Ca‐deficient conditions and Ca oxalate under Ca‐sufficient conditions.

Calcium deficiency increases net photosynthesis per unit blade area initially, probably because of blade puckering, but not on a per unit chlorophyll basis.     

天然气发动机国Ⅴ排放技术研究

研究天然气发动机技术的发展,选取稀薄燃烧的技术路线。通过对电控量的标定和后处理的匹配,使单燃料天然气发动机排放达到国Ⅴ排放标准。     

林火烈度的量化指标构建

基于野外样点实测数据,根据火烧迹地各组分生物量,构建了火烧烈度的量化指标:火烧烈度指数(Fire Severity Index,FSI)。依据构建的FSI,对过火林分的火烧烈度进行了量化分级,并通过野外记录的综合火烧指数(Composite Burn Index,CBI),对FSI进行验证分析。结果表明:FSI能够直接量化火烧烈度严重性,可准确地揭示不同火烧烈度对林分生物量和碳储量的影响程度。     

火烧迹地落叶松八齿小蠹种群扩散蔓延规律

1987年大兴安岭发生特大森林火灾,为落叶松八齿小蠹猖獗发生提供了优良的环境条件.经过1988、1989两年的研究,发现落叶松八齿小蠹种群扩散已从重度火烧林转向中、轻度火烧林,每年扩散危害的距离在10m左右;提出扩散蔓延的数学模型为Y=0.67+1.66X,落叶松八齿小蠹扩散蔓延程度与虫源基地中其种群密度和被扩散林分的生理状况有关.其相关数学模型为Y=2.70X+0.25X_2-1.76,落叶松八齿小蠹种群在火烧迹地上扩散属于聚集型扩散.     

大白菜干烧心病发生和防治的研究

大白菜干烧心病是缺钙性生理病害,自1970年以来在我国北方大白菜产区危害日趋严重.此项研究的重点是从“心叶补钙”入手探索经济有效的防治方法.从结球始期应用0.7%有水氯化钙附加50ppm萘乙酸进行“心叶补钙”.经8年连续试验,防治效果可达80%以上.采用常规分析和~(45)Ca示踪试验的方法,证实了萘乙酸对钙素的吸收和运转有明显的促进作用,为改进大白菜干烧心病的防治方法提供了理论依据.     

红地球葡萄日灼病与反光膜套袋初报

在2002年5～7月,用塑料反光膜作外袋、白色葡萄套袋为内袋制成双层反光葡萄套袋,进行红地球葡萄防日灼病的试验研究。结果表明:反光葡萄套袋内温度低于气温0～2℃,当气温为38℃时,该套袋内红地球幼果均未发现日灼现象,防日灼效果显著。