西瓜蔓枯病研究 Ⅰ.症状及病原

本文详细报道了西瓜蔓枯病的症状和病原菌的形态特点,并鉴定其有性阶段为Mycosphaerellamelonis(Pass)Chiu et Walker,无性阶段为Ascochyta-cucumis Fautr et Roum.此外,还在其他瓜类作物上作了病原菌的致病性试验.     

β- 氨基丁酸诱导甜( 辣) 椒抗疫病作用的研究

 报道了用β- 氨基丁酸( DL-β-aminon-butyric acid, BABA) 喷雾处理辣椒叶片和茎后的诱导抗疫病作用。研究证明: 高浓度BABA ( 1 000 g/mL) 对离体辣椒疫霉病菌无抗菌活性, 用其喷雾处理辣椒的茎叶所诱导的抗疫病作用可完全控制其危害; 用BABA 诱导处理后3 d 接种辣椒疫霉病菌, 辣椒植株开始表达出较高的诱导抗性, 这种抗病作用可持续20 d 以上, 并表现出与数量抗病性相似的特性。     

Suppression of wheat-seedling diseases caused by Fusarium culmorum and Microdochium nivale using bacterial seed treatment

Snow mould, caused by Microdochium nivale , and seedling blight caused by members of the Fusarium complex, are cereal diseases of great economic importance in many temperate zones. In a glasshouse bioassay designed to enhance disease, about 600 plant-associated bacterial isolates obtained by different methods were screened for suppressive effects in wheat against infection caused by Fusarium culmorum . Although most of the isolates tested had a neutral effect on test plants and disease development, a few were synergistic to the pathogen and about one-fifth showed > 80% disease suppression. During five consecutive growing seasons, 164 bacterial isolates were tested in field experiments against both F. culmorum and M. nivale as causal agents of seedling blight. Tests for effects on yield in experiments with spring and winter wheat, performed in different climatic regions of Sweden, showed that disease-suppressive effects were repeatable. The most efficient isolates, three fluorescent pseudomonads and a species of Pantoea , suppressed disease equal to that of the fungicide guazatine, both with respect to crop stand and yield. Seed treatment with Pantoea sp. (isolate MF 626) increased yield by an average of more than 500 kg ha⁻¹ in six field experiments.     

28%多·井悬浮剂防治水稻纹枯病田间药效评价

为明确28%多.井悬浮剂对水稻纹枯病的防治效果,进行田间药效试验。结果表明：28%多.井悬浮剂对水稻纹枯病有显著的防治效果,按500g/hm^2用量,第三次药后14d对纹枯病的防效为86.13%,与常用药剂5%井冈霉素水剂3.75L/hm^2的防效相当,而且对水稻安全,值得推广应用。     

玉米小斑病抗性种质鉴定及生理生化分析

以200份玉米优良自交系为材料,2022-2023年夏分别进行小斑病菌的田间接种,综合两年数据共鉴定出高抗小斑病的玉米自交系3份,分别为K22、CML50和齐319;筛选到包括Mo17在内的抗性玉米自交系24份。选取K22和B73两个具有不同抗性水平的玉米自交系进行小斑病菌的室内接种。结果表明,48 h和72 h时,自交系K22叶片的病斑数、病斑面积和病斑面积比等各项指标均显著优于自交系B73,进一步验证田间鉴定的准确性。48 h或72 h时,高抗小斑病自交系K22与感病对照B73相比,5种防御酶活性增加14.32%～70.45%。     

不同遗传背景籼稻白叶枯病抗性基因Xa21、Xa23品系的抗性评价

以含有水稻白叶枯病抗性基因Xa21和Xa23的材料为供体,以课题组选育不含Xa21或Xa23基因的材料为受体,通过杂交、复交等方法,并采用分子标记辅助选择（molecular marker-assisted selection,MAS）世代选择,将含有Xa21和Xa23基因的材料、含与不含Xa21或Xa23基因的姊妹系接种7种广泛使用的白叶枯病菌种生理小种,分析了这些材料白叶枯病的抗性。研究表明含有抗性基因Xa21的水稻材料抗性累计（HR、R、MR）所占比例依次为菌株HNA1-4、PXO86（84.62%）>YN24（82.14%）>GD1358（73.08）>PXO99（67.86%）>GDA2（63.33%）>FuJ（6.67%）,表明含Xa21基因材料对菌株FuJ所诱发的白叶枯病基本无抗病能力,但对于其他菌株,仍有36.67%~15.38%的材料易感病;含Xa23基因的材料在所有诱发菌株中抗性累计（HR、R、MR）均在76%以上,仍有23.02%~15.52%的材料对7种诱发菌株没有抗性。通过对菌斑长度变异系数大小的分析,表明含有Xa21或Xa23基因的材料对不同菌株抗病能力或对同一菌株的抗病能力不同材料有较大的变化。通过对诱发白叶枯病菌株间菌斑长度的相关性分析,表明含有Xa21的材料菌株GDA2或HNA1-4与对应的其他6菌株之间达到了显著或极显著正相关,含有Xa23基因的材料菌株YN24、GD1358、PXO86与对应的其他6种菌株间呈极显著正相关,含此2类基因材料抗性鉴定选取对应菌系可以提高选育效率。通过对姊妹系的分析表明,Xa21或Xa23基因的白叶枯病抗性与选育材料的背景有关。相关性分析表明,Xa21基因的材料抗性与亲本材料呈极显著正相关（R=0.5725^**）,Xa23基因材料抗性与亲本材料呈显著正相关（R=0.2212^*）。     

Identification of Alternaria spp. on wheat by pathogenicity assays and sequencing

The pathogenicity of Alternaria spp. isolated from wheat leaves collected in regions where alternaria leaf blight has been reported was compared with that of IMI reference isolates of A. triticina and A. alternata using two durum and two bread wheat genotypes. To identify isolates putatively corresponding to A. triticina , morphological and DNA sequence analyses based on ribosomal DNA from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (ITS1, 5·8S rRNA gene, ITS2) and toxicity bioassays of culture filtrate were combined. Glasshouse inoculations provided reliable information to assess the pathogenicity of A. triticina isolates on wheat. Alternaria leaf blight symptoms were produced by the A. triticina isolates only on durum wheat cv. Bansi, while A. alternata , A. tenuissima and A. arborescens isolates were found to be nonpathogenic on the wheat cultivars tested. Alternaria triticina isolates were distinguished from other Alternaria species by Simmons and Roberts' sporulation pattern 6 and two to three conidia per sporulation unit associated with primary conidia bearing long (> 7  µ m) apical secondary conidiophores. Phylogenetic analysis also proved effective at discriminating wheat-pathogenic A. triticina from other nonpathogenic Alternaria species. Alternaria triticina isolates yielded longer ITS sequences than A. alternata , A. tenuissima and A. arborescens isolates, leading to clear-cut differences as visualized with agarose gel electrophoresis. Additionally, only culture filtrates of A. triticina isolates caused nonspecific necrotic lesions on leaves of 3-week-old wheat plants.     

4%嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺展膜油剂防治水稻纹枯病田间药效初探

展膜油剂是一种专为省力化施药研制的农药剂型。为明确新药剂4%嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺展膜油剂对水稻纹枯病的防治效果,分别在河北省、湖北省、湖南省及上海市选取8地进行了2年田间药效试验,比较了不同剂量处理间的防治效果。结果表明,4%嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺展膜油剂对水稻纹枯病具有较好防效,优于对照药剂25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂及240g/L噻呋酰胺悬浮剂防治效果,且使用方便。当施药量达到200mL/7667m^2时,2014年,在河北省、湖北省、湖南省及上海市,药后14d防效分别为82.41%、89.2%、83.25%及95.29%;2015年,在河北省、湖北省、湖南省试验地,药后14d防效分别为81.72%、81.95%、90.9%;两年防效均优于或持平于对照药剂。最佳施药量为200mL/667m^2.     

水稻内生细菌B196的鉴定及其对水稻纹枯病的防治作用

从水稻体内分离得到的细菌菌株B196对水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani的生长有较强抑制作用.通过形态学和生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA序列分析,将菌株B196鉴定为巨大芽孢杆菌Bacillus megaterium.采用浸种和喷雾的方法将菌株B196接种到水稻植株后,均能在稻株体内回收到该菌株,表明菌株B196能在水稻体内定殖.菌株B196对水稻纹枯病的盆栽和田间防效分别为64.29%和55.13%.     

Stem-base disease and fungal colonisation of winter wheat grown in compost inoculated with Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum and Microdochium nivale

Fungal colonisation of winter wheat cv. Cadenza by Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum and Microdochium nivale was studied under conditions designed to avoid the splash dispersal of conidia from infested compost, to evaluate the possibility that systemic growth may transfer infection from the stem-base to the head. At decimal growth stages 33, 59, 77–87 and 95 the extent of fungal growth was assessed using a sample of 72 plants, by the recovery of fungal species from the stem-base, from each node and from the ear. Each of the fungi was recovered from stem tissues above soil level in some, apparently symptomless, plants. Symptoms of Fusarium foot rot were seen in an increasing proportion of plants during grain-fill and desiccation. There was an inverse relationship between recovery and the height above stem-base from which the stem tissue was excised. F. culmorum was the most frequently isolated fungus and it was also recovered from the highest position in plants. Only 3% of plants were colonised above the second node and none of the fungal species were recovered from either the fifth node or the ear. This suggests that colonisation and systemic growth from Fusarium infested compost is unlikely to contribute to the development of ear blight symptoms in winter wheat.