羊生长激素的提取及生物化学和生物活性的测定

600 g 冰冻羊垂体经过酸性溶液提取、硫酸铵的分级分离和 DEAE-纤维素柱层析得纯品(1),其得率为0.08g/kg,最后将部分纯品(1)过 Sephadex G-100分子筛,得到高纯的羊生长激素[纯品(2)]。提取的羊生长激素具有相当高的理化均一性,纯品(2):聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳呈现一条主带和二条酸性小带;聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦电泳呈现二条带,其等电点分别为 pH7.35和 pH7.40,SDS—电泳呈现二条很难分开的带,其平均分子量为20 100道尔顿;用DNS-CI 法测得的 N-末端氨基酸是2个,丙氨酸和苯氨酸。纯品(1)理化均一性稍差:SDS—电泳较纯品(2)多出两条分子量低的带;等电聚焦电泳多出六条酸性小带。除此之外,其他理化性质同纯品(2)。用大白鼠胫骨实验测定生物活性,测得纯品(1)可使垂体大白鼠胫骨软骨盘的宽度相对增加79%。未对纯品(2)进行生物活性测定。用羊催乳素放射免疫药盒测定,纯品(1)和纯品(2)与羊催乳素均无交叉反应。     

Detection of Colletotrichum coccodes and Helminthosporium solani in soils by bioassay

The sensitivity of a bioassay in detecting soil inoculum of Colletotrichum coccodes and Helminthosporium solani was examined using potato minitubers and microplants. Tests were conducted on soils which were collected from fields in which the interval after a previous potato crop differed, and which were also artificially infested with conidia or microsclerotia. For C. coccodes , determining plant infection based on the occurrence of infected roots after 9–12 weeks was a sensitive method for detecting and quantifying the amount of inoculum in soil. Infestations of less than 0·4 microsclerotia per g soil were detected in artificially infested soils. A semiselective medium, developed for isolating C. gloeosporioides from pepper, detected soil infestations by C. coccodes as low as nine conidia or one microsclerotium per g soil in artificially infested soil. For H. solani , infection on minitubers was a sensitive measure, with soil inoculum of fewer than 10 conidia per g soil being detected. Soil infestation could be quantified by assessing the percentage surface area of minitubers covered by sporulating lesions, which was strongly related to the amount of soil infestation. The results of these bioassay tests were compared with published results for real-time quantitative PCR assays on the same soils. The two methods were in good agreement in artificially infested soils, but the bioassay appeared to be more sensitive with naturally infested soils.     

南欧丹参花提取物杀菌活性初步研究

采用系统溶剂对南欧丹参Salvia sclarea L.花进行提取,以孢子萌发试验法、抑制菌丝生长速率法和盆栽试验系统测定了粗提物对植物病原真菌的生物活性。结果表明,石油醚为提取南欧丹参花活性成分的最佳溶剂。石油醚提取物在离体条件下能显著抑制多种供试真菌菌丝的生长,其对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea的EC50值为77.20 μg/mL;对盆栽小麦白粉病Erysiphe graminis的防护效果为94.94%,治疗效果为84.21%。     

The potential for the Rapid Screening of Potato Cultivars (Solanum tuberosum) for Resistance to Powdery Scab (Spongospora subterranea) using a Laboratory Bioassay

Powdery scab of potato, once established in a field, is difficult to control because of the longevity of the resting spores (cystosori) of the causal organism, Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea. Host resistance is likely to be the most efficient in a long-term control strategy for preventing build-up of field inoculum and spread of the disease. Resistance screening of potato cultivars is mostly done in laborious field trials where disease development is likely to be unpredictable. A bioassay with potato tissue cultured plantlets and cystosori as inoculum is described and was tested for its potential to screen potato cultivars at an early stage for their relative susceptibility to powdery scab by comparing the lab results with field data. With cystosori inoculum of Swiss origin, the laboratory test showed clear differences between the potato cultivars in the severity of zoosporangial root infection which correlated better with ranked tuber infection data, compared to root galling. There are apparent differences in the relative trends in susceptibility between roots and tubers of five selected cultivars when using naturally infested soil instead of prepared cystosori as inoculum in the lab bioassay. Furthermore, differences in the severity of zoosporangial root infection of two selected cultivars were found when cystosori from different countries where used as inoculum. A possible host genotype × pathogen interaction is discussed. The bioassay has the potential to screen and select for resistant material at an early breeding stage thus making field trials not unnecessary but more economical. It will allow the use of a standard set of pathogen collections and facilitate testing for inoculum virulence in infested soils.     

两种生测方法对6种杀柑橘木虱药剂毒力测定结果比较

为了寻找杀虫剂对柑橘木虱成虫毒力的测定方法,分别用点滴法和药膜法测定了吡虫啉、联苯菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、高效氟氯氰菊酯、毒死蜱、丁硫克百威等6种杀虫剂对柑橘木虱成虫的室内毒力。结果表明：用点滴法测出的6种药剂的LC50和LC95高于用药膜法的测定结果,工效只有药膜法的50%,药膜法具有快速、所有药剂都可用的优点,适宜于抗性监测和在丙酮中溶解度低的化合物的毒力测定;点滴法所用药剂不含助剂,具有准确性好,适宜于新的化合物的毒力测定的优点,但具有工效低和在丙酮中溶解度低的原药不能用的缺点。     

蓖麻叶对华北大黑鳃金龟引诱作用的研究

利用嗅觉仪、触角电位仪、田间笼罩试验等方法测定了蓖麻叶对华北大黑鳃金龟的引诱作用.结果表明,在嗅觉仪中,华北大黑鳃金龟对蓖麻叶粗提物的选择性显著大于其他11种供试寄主植物,在田间选择性试验中,华北大黑鳃金龟对蓖麻的选择性也显著大于其他供试植物,表明蓖麻叶片中存在具有诱虫活性的气味物质.研究还发现,蓖麻叶对大黑鳃金龟有麻痹作用,但无直接致死作用.     

A New Bioassay Platform Design for the Discovery of Small Molecules with Anticancer Immunotherapeutic Activity

Immunotherapy takes advantage of the immune system to prevent, control, and eliminate neoplastic cells. The research in the field has already led to major breakthroughs to treat cancer. In this work, we describe a platform that integrates in vitro bioassays to test the immune response and direct antitumor effects for the preclinical discovery of anticancer candidates. The platform relies on the use of dendritic cells that are professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) able to activate T cells and trigger a primary adaptive immune response. The experimental procedure is based on two phenotypic assays for the selection of chemical leads by both a panel of nine tumor cell lines and growth factor-dependent immature mouse dendritic cells (D1). The positive hits are then validated by a secondary test on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). The aim of this approach is the selection of potential immunotherapeutic small molecules from natural extracts or chemical libraries.     

防治红火蚁触杀型药剂的筛选

测定了9种杀虫剂的触杀活性和其中8种药剂对红火蚁工蚁的致死中浓度,触杀活性测试表明,48%毒死蜱对工蚁的击倒速度和致死率均高,药后0.5 h工蚁死亡率达100%;氨基甲酸酯类药剂药后8 h工蚁的被击倒率达100%;5%氟虫腈10 000倍和10%溴虫腈10 000倍药液处理后工蚁的被击倒速度低,但药后24 h工蚁死亡率达100%;高效氯氰菊酯和杀虫双对工蚁的毒性是可恢复的。毒力测试表明,98%杀螟丹对红火蚁毒力最强,其次是10%溴虫腈和48%毒死蜱,而有机磷类的敌敌畏和氨基甲酸酯类的丁硫克百威毒力表现较差,拟除虫菊酯类的高效氯氰菊酯表现一般。试验结果表明,氟虫腈、溴虫腈、毒死蜱、杀螟丹等药剂可被推荐用于野外红火蚁的灌巢防治。     

菊小长管蚜高毒力生防真菌的筛选

采用国际上通用的标准喷塔法测定了4株玫烟色拟青霉和4株球孢白僵菌对菊小长管蚜的毒力。结果表明,4株拟青霉在21~902个孢子/mm2的接种剂量下引起的死亡率为17.4%~100.0%,4株白僵菌在10~646个孢子/mm2的接种剂量下引起的死亡率为37.3%~100.0%。接种后第5天各菌株的致死中剂量LC50分别126个孢子/ mm2 (Pfr116),442个孢子/ mm2 (Pfr612),213个孢子/ mm2 (Pfr153),234个孢子/ mm2 (Pfr2175),155个孢子/ mm2 (Bb2880),86个孢子/ mm2 (Bb2860),99个孢子/ mm2 (Bb2861)和138个孢子/ mm2 (Bb2879)。致死中时LT50从低浓度下的较大差异向高浓度下的较小差异渐近收敛,在150个孢子/ mm2的剂量下,玫烟色拟青霉不同菌株的LT50变化范围为4.5~7.7天,球孢白僵菌不同菌株的LT50变化范围为4.5~5.1天。综合比较,4株玫烟色拟青霉中以Pfr2175的毒力最强,4株球孢白僵菌中以Bb2860最优,具有杀蚜速度快、致死浓度低等特点,具有较大的开发应用潜力。     

农药废水对秀丽隐杆线虫毒性效应及其主要有毒组分

应用battery生物测试法,检测研究农药废水对秀丽隐杆线虫的生命周期、繁殖速率、生殖能力、头摆和身体弯曲频率等影响的生物毒性,及其引发生物毒性的主要有机污染物。结果表明,在已经达到国家废水排放标准[GB 8978—1996]情况下,处理出水对受试动物仍然存在致毒效应;线虫的世代周期对进水的毒性最为敏感,产卵数量对出水的毒性最为敏感;进水毒性主要来自易受酸性调节影响的有机污染物,出水毒性主要来自易受碱性调节影响的有机污染物。结果表明,该项生物测试的毒性参数,可用于指示存在于低CODCr废水中的生物毒性;所用的毒性鉴别评价（TIE）方法,可用于鉴别废水中引发致毒效应的关键污染物。废水中悬浮颗粒污染物的生物毒性至关重要,尚未研究,有待继续。