Assessment of microbial biocontrol agent (BCA) viability to mechanical and thermal stress by simulating spray application conditions

Background

In order to improve the biological control agent (BCA) efficacy, stress factors threatening the viability of microorganisms during spray application need to be determined. The effect of spray mixture temperature and exposure time on Trichoderma harzianum T 22 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST713 viability were tested. Concurrently the combined effect of mechanical and thermal stress effect on BCA viability were tested at two initial spray mixture temperatures (14 and 25 °C) by simulating a spray application using airblast sprayers featured by different tank capacity and a spray liquid circuit (without and with hydraulic agitation system). To assess the BCA microorganism viability, spray mixture samples were collected at time intervals along trials and plated to count the colony forming units (CFU).

Results

The critical temperature threshold that inhibited BCA viability was 35 °C with 30 min of exposure. The sprayer type, the initial temperature of the spray mixture and the temperature increment during the trials significantly decreased the number of CFU recovered. When simulating a spray application, the spray mixture temperature increase rate was determined mainly by the residual amount of spray mixture in the tank. Even if the tank capacity does not substantially affect the final temperature reached by the spray mixture, the higher residual spray mixture in bigger tanks can expose the BCAs for a longer time to critical temperatures.

Conclusions

Experimental trials allowed us to identify the effect of factors affecting the viability of tested BCAs, providing information about the actual chance to guarantee the biological efficacy of BCA treatments. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

生物有机肥部分替代化肥对莴笋生长、产量及品质的影响

为了改善因化肥过量施用导致的蔬菜品质下降、肥料利用率降低和环境污染等问题,通过化肥减量配施生物有机肥,探讨菜田减肥潜力和生物有机肥增效作用。采用随机区组试验,研究不同施肥处理对莴笋产量、品质、光合特性及肥料贡献率的影响。试验共设置6个施肥处理:不施肥(CK1)、100%常规施肥(CK2)、80%常规施肥+200 kg·667m~(-2)生物有机肥(T1)、80%常规施肥+400 kg·667m~(-2)生物有机肥(T2)、70%常规施肥+400 kg·667m~(-2)生物有机肥(T3)、70%常规施肥+200 kg·667m~(-2)生物有机肥(T4)。结果表明:生物有机肥部分替代化肥可使莴笋的株高、茎长及茎粗不同程度的增加,其中T2效果最优;在相同的生物有机肥施用量下,化肥减施20%较减施30%有助于根系的生长和根系活力的增强;T2处理莴笋叶绿素总量分别比CK1处理和CK2处理提高17.32%和1.74%;T2处理的净光合速率和蒸腾速率最高,分别高于其他处理6.90%～49.35%和6.26%～58.64%;与CK2相比, T1、T2、T3和T4分别增产4.76%、15.31%、11.06%和4.11%,其中T2产量最高,达8 277.00 kg·667m~(-2),其经济效益比CK2增长11.64%;化肥减施并配施生物有机肥的处理肥料贡献率均显著高于CK2处理, 100%常规施肥供大于求,供需平衡破坏,导致肥料的浪费;随着化肥用量的减少,莴笋硝酸盐含量降低, T3处理降低幅度最大,茎、叶中硝酸盐含量较CK2分别降低26.53%和20.96%;配施生物有机肥可提高莴笋茎、叶中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和维生素C的含量,其中配施400 kg·667m~(-2)时效果更优。化肥减施20%的条件下配施400 kg·667m~(-2)生物有机肥可增强莴笋叶片光合能力,提高产量和改善可食用部分品质,是实现肥料资源合理配置的良好施肥模式。     

有机复混肥对土壤及甜椒产量和品质的影响

在盆栽条件下，研究了有机复混肥和等养分量的无机肥、有机无机复混肥对甜椒产量、品质及土壤性质的影响。结果表明：在等养分量条件下，有机复混肥、有机无机复混肥与无机肥相比明显促进了甜椒的生长发育（P＜0．05），增产幅度为43．3％－109．8％，维生素含量提高39．1％－59．5％，NO3^-含量降低17．9％－35．7％，同时优化了土壤微生物区系，增加了土壤酶活性，改善了土壤肥力。     

左旋肉碱——类维生素的营养素

ｌ肉碱是动物体内与脂肪酸代谢 有关的化合物,它的主要功能是作为载体将长链脂肪酸从线粒体膜外运送到膜内促进脂肪酸的氧化⒚本文对 ｌ肉碱的研究历史、化学性质、食物中的含量、生物合成、生理功能、缺乏症及其危害性、营养状况、营养作用及其临床应用和生产方法进 行了阐述⒚     

提高杜仲叶中主要活性物质提取率的研究

单因素试验表明,温度和时间对桃叶珊瑚甙的提取率有显著影响;温度对黄酮类化合物的提取率也有显著影响;浓度对活性成分的提取率在选定的范围内(50～70)影响不大.提取杜仲叶中桃叶珊瑚甙、黄酮类化合物的最佳提取条件为:以60乙醇混合溶剂在80℃下提取3次,每次30 min.     

天然黑荆树皮单宁-糠醇木材胶黏剂的研究

通过天然黑荆树皮单宁与来自玉米及小麦剩余提取物的糠醇在酸性条件下反应,制备出一种新型无污染的热固性生物质木材胶黏剂。通过基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱( MALDI￣TOF￣MS)及傅里叶红外光谱( FT￣IR)对树脂的结构进行表征;采用静态热机械性能分析( TMA)对树脂的玻璃转化温度及弹性模量进行表征;通过制备胶合板的胶合强度对树脂的胶合性能进行表征。结果表明：在酸性条件下,糠醇中的羟甲基能够且主要与单宁结构单体A环上的6或8号位上的C连接而缩聚成具有一定粘度的大分子化合物。同时,与基于脲醛树脂改性尿素—甲醛—糠醇树脂相比较,单宁—糠醇树脂具有更高的弹性模量及玻璃转化温度,且基于单宁—糠醇树脂制备胶合板的胶合性能优于尿素—甲醛—糠醇树脂。     

甜菜施用生物钾肥试验简报

甜菜施用生物钾肥对比试验结果显示，根产量、含糖率、产糖量分别比对照提高１４％、０．５度和１５％，根腐病发病率比对照降低了１０．８％，是一项经济实用的施肥措施。     

Vineyard Compost Supplemented with Trichoderma Harzianum T78 Improve Saline Soil Quality

Understanding soil degradation is especially important in the Mediterranean Region where desertification is a serious problem, and soil salinization is one of the causes. Salinity reduces soil quality, limits crop productivity and brings on long term soil degradation. Therefore the restoration of degraded soils is necessary to reduce land degradation, improve soil fertility and achieve a sustainable food production. The addition of compost supplemented with the beneficial microorganism Trichoderma harzianum isolate T78 to saline soils (NaCl) was studied to determine the impact on soil microbiology, which is the key to restore and rehabilitate degraded soils. The selected Trichoderma harzianum isolate T78 showed high salt tolerance despite the low osmotolerance of the genus Trichoderma . Increasing salt concentration reduced Trichoderma sp colony‐forming units (CFU) from natural soil and adversely affected soil microbial biomass C as well as dehydrogenase, β‐glucosidase, phosphatase and urease activities. Simultaneous amendment of the saline soil with compost and inoculation with T. harzianum T78 improved the soil microbiological quality; the number of T. harzianum T78 CFU did not decrease as NaCl increased. As T. harzianum strain T78 is salt tolerant, increasing the relative abundance of this specific strain would contribute to the rehabilitation of saline soils. Vineyard composts supplemented with T. harzianum T78 represent a promising approach for the treatment and improvement of saline soil properties. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

枸杞瘿螨的生物学特性及其有效积温的研究

室内恒温条件下测定了枸杞瘿螨Aceria pallida Keifer的发育起点温度和有效积温。枸杞瘿螨产卵前期的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为7．23℃和50．99日度；卵和幼若螨期发育起点温度和有效积温分别为5．51℃和167．68日度；全世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为6．08℃和217．05日度。发育进度有效积温模型分别为4N4卵前=50．99／[T-7．23]；4N4卵幼=167．68／[T-5．51]和4N4世代=217．05／[T-6．08]。在15℃～35℃恒温条件下发育历期与温度呈负相关，其中在25℃～30℃之间时枸杞瘿螨发育快，数量多，该温度范围是枸杞瘿螨生长发育的最适温度。根据呼和浩特地区气象资料，枸杞瘿螨在呼和浩特地区1a发生的理论代数为10代～12代。     

污染指示生物苔藓和蚂蚁中的重金属污染比较分析

采样测定并比较了城市不同区域两种指示生物苔藓和蚂蚁体内的Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd含量及分布特征，讨论了这两种指示生物的重金属累积率和土壤重金属浓度的关系。结果表明，苔藓对比有很强的富集能力，其体内的重金属浓度随土壤浓度的增大而增大，且比蚂蚁更易受到环境中重金属污染的影响；Pb和Cd是蚂蚁的环境敏感元素，但蚂蚁对重金属在体内的持续积累有一定的抑制机制，其体内Cu的浓度与土壤中浓度的相关性较Pb、Cd小，且Cd在较低浓度时和土壤浓度呈相关性，较高浓度时相关性受抑制。同时运用污染指数分析评估了城市环境的污染状况及重金属对指示生物的毒性。