Long-term variation in brown trout, Salmo trutta L., stocking success in a large lake: interplay between availability of suitable prey and size at release

Abstract –  Factors affecting long-term variation in brown trout, Salmo trutta L., stocking success were examined in a large lake, Lake Oulujärvi, in central Finland. Brown trout were stocked in spring (late May to early June) in 1974–1991 and in summer (late June to early July) in 1992–2001. The biomass of the vendace, Coregonus albula (L.), population (prey) at release time had the largest positive effect on stocking success within both periods: biomass of adult vendace in spring and both 0+ and adult vendace in summer. Increasing the size of stocked fish had a positive effect if the vendace available at release were only adults. The increasing trend of predator-catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) [combined CPUE of northern pike Esox lucius L., burbot Lota lota (L.), and pike-perch Stizostedion lucioperca (L.)] through the study period and its negative effect on trout stocking success suggested an increasing effect of predation within the entire time series.     

饲养密度和硫辛酸对肉鸡血清指标、行为及骨骼发育的影响

本试验旨在研究高饲养密度条件下饲粮中添加硫辛酸(LA)对肉鸡血清指标、行为及骨骼发育的影响.试验选取健康状况良好、体重相近的1530只21日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡,随机分成3组,即常规饲养密度组(ND组,15只/m2,饲喂基础饲粮)、高饲养密度组(HD组,18只/m2,饲喂基础饲粮)和高饲养密度+LA组(HD+LA组,...     

苏云金芽孢杆菌营养期杀虫蛋白Vips研究进展

苏云金芽孢杆菌Bt营养期杀虫蛋白Vips主要分为Vip1、Vip2和Vip33种。Vip1和Vip2构成二元毒素,对叶甲科昆虫具有特异杀虫活性。Vip3对鳞翅目昆虫具有广谱杀虫活性,该蛋白广泛存在于Bt中,与已知杀虫晶体蛋白ICPs没有序列相似性。Vip3通过诱发细胞凋亡,最终导致昆虫死亡,这与Btδ-内毒素的作用机理完全不同,Vips的发现对于Bt的进一步开发利用具有重要意义。本文主要对营养期杀虫蛋白Vips的分布、特性、作用机制及应用等进行报道。     

不同放牧率对草甸植被特征的影响

通过对羊草+苔草草甸进行受控放牧实验,定量研究了草地植被结构对不同放牧率条件下的反应特征。结果表明:所有不同放牧小区的四种牧草牧前高度远远低于对照小区,而且留茬高度差异不大。各种牧草放牧后的高度受草地群落生物量和牧草本身适口性的影响,适口性越高,降低程度越大。在整个生长季内,羊草+苔草草甸群落地上部分生物量一直处于不断增加的状态,其中苔草和芦苇地上生物量于6月份达到峰值;羊草于7月份达到峰值;香茅在整个生长季内不断增加,于8月份达到最大值。各放牧小区群落生物量均明显低于对照小区。随着放牧率的提高,多样性指数先增高后降低,即适度放牧有利于多样性的维持。     

我国生物农药登记品种清单式管理初探

近年来我国生物农药新品种层出不穷,登记热度持续上升,登记管理不断规范。本文探讨了对我国生物农药登记品种采取清单式管理,提出生物农药登记品种清单的范围和建立原则,梳理形成了我国生物农药登记品种清单,提出了完善生物农药登记品种清单式管理的意见建议。     

江河源区披碱草和星星草混播草地土壤物理性状对牦牛放牧强度的响应

在江河源区披碱草Elymus natans 星星草Puccinellia tenuflora混播人工草地上研究了牦牛放牧强度对土壤物理性状的影响,2年的试验结果表明:随着放牧强度的增加,不同土壤层含水量均呈降低趋势,土壤容重、土壤坚实度呈增大趋势.相关分析表明, 放牧强度与不同土壤层含水量呈极显著的负相关(P＜0.01), 与土壤容重和坚实度呈极显著的正相关(P＜0.01),而且土壤容重和坚实度均具有累积效应.     

Genetic analysis for sow stayability at different parities in purebred Landrace and Large White pigs

Genetic parameters for sow stayability were estimated from farrowing records of 10,295 Landrace sows and 8192 Large White sows. The record for sow stayability from parity k to parity k + 1 (k = 1, …, 6) was 0 when a sow had a farrowing record at parity k but not at parity k + 1, and 1 when a sow had both records. Heritability was estimated by using single-trait linear and threshold animal models. Genetic correlations among parities were estimated by using two-trait linear–linear and single-trait random regression linear animal models. Genetic correlations with litter traits at birth were estimated by using a two-trait linear–linear animal model. Heritability estimates by linear model analysis were low (0.065–0.119 in Landrace & 0.061–0.157 in Large White); those by threshold model analysis were higher (0.136–0.200 & 0.110–0.283). Genetic correlations among parities differed between breeds and models. Genetic correlation between sow stayability and number born alive was positive in many cases, implying that selection for number born alive does not reduce sow stayability. The results seem to be affected by decisions on culling made by farmers.     

Fractional brownian motion and binary market models

We prove a Donsker type approximation theorem for the fractional Brownian motion in the case of the Hurst index greater than one half. With this approximation we construct an elementary market model that converges weakly to the fractional analogue of the Black Scholes model. We show that there exist arbitrage opportunities in this model.     

基于链表的出栈序列生成算法

目的:向栈中依次输入若干字符,输出所有不同的出栈序列.方法:根据栈后进先出的特征,采用链表确定字符进栈的所有时刻序列,输出字符的所有出栈序列.结果:抛开烦琐的组合数学证明,充分利用数据结构中链表、栈来解决出栈序列问题,并用c 程序描述了该算法.结论:从进栈出栈具有时刻先后关系出发,解决出栈序列问题,算法理解更为简单直观.     

Primary productivity in patches of heterogeneous swards after 12 years of low-intensity cattle grazing

In low-intensity grazing systems, patch grazing leads to a mosaic structure of short (frequently defoliated) and tall (rarely defoliated) patches, with the stocking rate determining the proportion of these patch types on the pasture. Little is known about the long-term effects of patch grazing on the productivity of contrasting sward height patches developed under varying stocking rates. On a 12-year low-intensity cattle pasture we investigated aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and its seasonal variation in different patch types (‘short’, ‘medium’ and ‘tall’) under three stocking rates (‘moderate’, ‘lenient’ and ‘very lenient’) over two years. Additionally, we determined stocks of soil phosphorus, potassium and magnesium as well as soil pH. ANPP was affected by an interaction of patch type and stocking rate and ranged from less than 300 g/m² in short patches under very lenient stocking to more than 1,000 g/m² in medium patches under moderate stocking. In contrast with observations at the start of the experiment, ANPP in short patches was similar to or less than that in medium and tall patches. As topsoil phosphorus and potassium stocks were lowest in short patches, this indicates a long-term redistribution of nutrients by grazing animals, which limits short-patch productivity. Productivity of medium patches increased with stocking rate, and soil potassium concentration showed a similar trend, pointing towards enhanced nutrient cycling under more intensive stocking. We conclude that nutrient redistribution may lead to increasing trade-offs between ecological and agronomic aims in long-term low-intensity grazing systems.