不同栽培密度对秋大棚黄瓜生育期及产量的影响

试验以黄瓜为材料,采用随机区组设计,研究了不同栽培密度对秋大棚黄瓜生育期及产量的影响。结果表明,当栽培密度为4000株/667m2时,产量和产值都达到最高。     

钙在橄榄树器官中的定量研究

本研究用原子吸收光谱法分析了果园土壤及橄榄树体各器官中钙量和不同组分钙的含量。结果表明：0～30cm土层中钙含量最高为0．65mg／g。橄榄器官中叶的钙含量最高为4．523mg／g，其次为根、果、结果枝。地上部器官钙含量由主干一主枝一结果枝一叶片逐渐增加。在各器官中钙主要以醋酸溶钙和盐酸溶钙的形式存在。     

甘肃省河东地区主秋期降水量时空分布特征

利用甘肃省河东地区55个站30a的主秋期降水量资料进行经验正交展开(EOF)和旋转经验正交展开(REOF),分析其空间分布特征和异常类型;以平凉站为例分析了主秋期降水的时间变化规律和周期性;将河东地区主秋期降水量分为8个气候片。分析表明,河东地区主秋期雨量变化规律较为一致,空间分布不均,具有南多北少和东西多中间少的特点;多雨中心和少雨中心的多年平均值相差近200mm;主秋期降水年际变化较大,容易出现不同程度的旱或涝,并有9a左右的周期;20世纪40、60年代为相对多雨期,50、90年代为相对少雨期,70、80年代与平均值持平。     

Olive processing wastes for weed control

The herbicidal effect of olive processing wastes (OPW) on some weed species in wheat, maize and sunflower was investigated in the Aegean region of Turkey. In trials with maize and sunflower, OPW was applied as an air‐dried solid form at 3 and 4.5 kg m^?2. It provided an effectiveness level on Portulaca oleracea of 63–98%. In trials with wheat, OPW was applied as solid and liquid forms, each at two different doses, namely 4.5 and 6 kg m^?2 (solid), and 5 and 10 L m^?2 (liquid). Solid OPW provided a reduction in total weed coverage of 75% and 81% at doses of 4.5 and 6 kg m^?2, respectively. The weed coverage reduction by liquid OPW was 39% and 62% with 5 and 10 L m^?2, respectively. Apart from 12–26% reduction of the number of germinating seeds, OPW showed no toxic effects on maize and sunflower. Wheat was affected in the initial stages but no adverse effect was detected at harvest. It can be concluded that the herbicidal effect of OPW may be considered as an alternative to chemical weed control in some important summer crops (maize and sunflower) and for most of the weeds in winter wheat.     

Pre-breeding for resistance to Verticillium wilt in olive: Fishing in the wild relative gene pool

This study aimed to identify new sources of resistance to Verticillium wilt in olive. We evaluated various types of genotypes: wild olive trees (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris), genotypes belonging to related subspecie (Olea europaea subsp. guanchica) and genotypes coming from crosses between Picual cultivar and wild olive trees. Fifty-six genotypes were inoculated by dipping roots and then screened under controlled conditions to test their resistance to a highly virulent Defoliating isolate of Verticillium dahliae. Picual (susceptible) and Frantoio (resistant) were control cultivars. Wide variability and significant differences were obtained in the evaluated disease parameters. The Relative Susceptibility Index (RSI), summarizing the disease parameters, was used for final classification of genotypes. Thirteen genotypes were categorized as resistant: eight wild olives from different locations, two genotypes belonging to subsp. guanchica populations from Canary Islands and three genotypes obtained from one of the crosses Picual x wild. The identification of high levels of resistance to V. dahliae among wild olive genotypes may be helpful for the management of this disease. The resistant genotypes could be used as rootstocks for susceptible olive cultivars or parents in future breeding programs.     

羊群四季放牧要点

羊具有适应性强、吸收和消化性能好、能抵御外界病原微生物的入侵,非常适合进行放牧饲养。通过合理放牧不仅可节省大量的饲草成本,还可将牧草中粗纤维、蛋白质和能量进行很好的消化和系统,满足机体生长发育的需要。但是在放牧中应根据季节的变换合理进行放牧活动,不仅促进机体膘情增长、适时增肥、发情和配种,提高羊群繁殖能力,同时还可根据牧场面积科学放牧,达到保护牧场草原的目的。该文主要论述羊群四季放牧的要点。     

辽西地区覆膜条件对不同土层土壤氮磷钾累积量的影响

为了探明覆膜技术对辽西半干旱区土壤氮磷钾累积量及其剖面分布状况的影响,本试验以农业部阜新农业环境与耕地保育科学观测实验站为研究平台,设置裸地种植、春季覆膜、秋季覆膜3种处理,通过对土壤剖面各层次全量氮、磷、钾的测定,定量分析辽西半干旱区覆膜条件下土壤全量养分含量及剖面分布差异,结果表明:不同覆膜处理对土壤全量氮、磷、钾累积量影响各不相同。2种覆膜处理可有效提高0～40 cm土层土壤全氮和全磷累积量,与裸地相比,春覆膜与秋覆膜处理可使土壤全氮提高34.4%和21.0%,秋覆膜处理可使全磷累积量提高17.0%。40～60 cm土层,裸地处理全氮、全磷累积量显著高于覆膜处理,其中全氮累积量较春覆膜处理提高65.7%,且为秋覆膜处理的2.16倍;全磷累积则表现为裸地种植比春覆膜和秋覆膜处理分别提高44.2%和39.4%。不同处理间全钾含量差异显著,总体表现为秋覆膜春覆膜裸地。3种处理土壤养分的剖面分布规律也各不相同,覆膜处理土壤全氮和全磷随剖面深度的增加呈逐渐减少的规律,而不覆膜处理则呈现先减少再增加的趋势;不同处理土壤全钾的剖面分布规律相似,即随剖面加深全钾含量均无显著变化,即使是表层土壤也未显示出全钾聚集的特征。     

秋施有机肥对土壤生物学、理化性状及玉米产量的影响

以黑龙江省海林农场白浆土为研究对象,在等氮量条件下（秋季有机肥配施来年春季无机肥）,设置100%有机肥（T₁）,30%有机肥+70%无机肥（T₂）,20%有机肥+80%无机肥（T₃）,100%无机肥（T₄）和不施肥（CK）5个处理,研究长期施肥对土壤生物学、理化性状以及玉米产量的影响。结果表明:玉米生育期内,土壤微生物数量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,且施用高量有机肥有助于细菌和放线菌群落结构的形成,无机肥和不施肥适于真菌生长;有机无机肥配施处理在提高土壤酶活性方面占据绝对优势,脲酶和蔗糖酶活性始终显著高于其他处理,且有机肥较无机肥处理更能提高玉米生育期内土壤微生物生物量;有机无机肥配施可明显提高土壤全量和速效养分,培肥地力,单施效果稍差,且差异不大,而高量有机肥在降低土壤容重、增加总孔隙度百分比方面作用显著;两年玉米累计产量30%有机肥（T₂）最高,分别比100%有机肥（T₁）和100%无机肥（T₄）提高57.34%和4.59%,稳产并高产。总体来讲,30%有机肥+70%无机肥为最佳施肥模式。     

橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis microspora)的生物学特性研究

橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis microspora)是导致采后橄榄果实腐烂的主要病原菌,本文研究了pH、温度、光照、碳源、氮源等条件对橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢菌落生长、产孢和分生孢子萌发的影响。结果表明,橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢生长最适pH为6,最适温度24~26℃;产孢最适pH为7,最适温度24~26℃,光暗交替条件下产孢量最多;以D-果糖、甘露醇为碳源和以蛋白胨为氮源的培养基最有利于橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢菌丝的生长,以葡萄糖、蔗糖为碳源和以蛋白胨为氮源的培养基最有利于该菌产孢;分生孢子萌发最适pH为6,最适温度26~28℃,全黑暗条件下孢子萌发率最高;该菌菌丝致死温度为54℃(30 min),分生孢子致死温度为56℃(20 min)。     

优质鲜食橄榄新品种‘甜榄1号’选育研究

‘甜榄1号’是从大量橄榄实生树中选出的橄榄鲜食新品种。果实梭形,果皮黄绿色,纵横径3．0cm×1．7cm,平均单果重5．5g,果实可溶性固形物含量11．9％,可食率78．2％。在福建省闽清县,果实于11月中下旬成熟。果肉黄白色,肉质细嫩清脆,化渣,风味香甜,回味好,鲜食品质明显优于‘檀香’等现有主栽鲜食品种。