Visualization of the effect of a surfactant on the uptake of xenobiotics into plant foliage by confocal laser scanning microscopy

A radiolabelling method is generally used to determine the foliar uptake of xenobiotics. This technique cannot provide any information on the localization of chemicals inside leaf tissues. The influence of an alcohol ethoxylate surfactant on the uptake of three fluorescent dyes, difluorofluorescein (hydrophilic), rhodamine B (moderately lipophilic) and a naphthalimide dye (lipophilic), into the leaves of three contrasting species, bean (Vicia faba), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea), at 16 h after treatment was measured using a conventional wash‐off method and also visualized in vivo by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Whereas the lipophilic dyes showed greater intrinsic uptake than the hydrophilic one, the enhancing effect of the surfactant on uptake was more pronounced for the latter. CLSM revealed that the presence of the surfactant increased the transport of difluorofluorescein into the epidermal cells of bean and wheat leaves, but not cabbage leaves. Rhodamine B showed greatest transcuticular diffusion in all three species, but most of the dye moved into the vacuole of the epidermal cells. The naphthalimide dye was strongly retained by the wax–cuticle layer of all species, even in the presence of the surfactant. CLSM has proven to be an attractive tool for studying xenobiotic diffusion. The results obtained using fluorescent dyes are believed to be applicable to the foliar uptake of herbicides.     

季铵盐阳离子双子表面活性剂C12-2-C12·2Br与HPC在水溶液中的相互作用

采用流变和荧光等方法研究了季铵盐阳离子双子表面活性剂C12-2-C12.2Br(S2)与水溶性高分子羟丙基纤维素(hydroxypropyl cellulose HPC)质量分数1%的水溶液的相互作用。HPC/S2水溶液在剪切速率r=0~700s-1内均表现为牛顿型。混合溶液η0随着表面活性剂浓度的增加开始升高,在表面活性剂浓度约2.0mmol·L-1时出现峰值,然后呈缓慢下降趋势。稳态荧光测定I1/I3及电导测定电导率随S2浓度变化的结果表明:HPC/S2水溶液中两者相互作用,S2在HPC分子上形成了聚集体,临界聚集浓度为0.7mmol·L-1,到2.0mmol·L-1时溶液中自由胶团生成。     

复合表面活性剂（SDS/Tw-80）对长链烷烃的增溶和柴油污染土壤的洗脱作用

表面活性剂能够快速高效处理石油污染土壤,但由于所选用表面活性剂的类型和配比、土壤性质、污染物种类的差异,洗脱效果和作用原理不尽相同。通过研究复合表面活性剂SDS/Tw-80对石油烷烃的表观增溶和从受试土壤中的洗脱过程,探讨和阐释影响洗脱过程的各种因素。结果表明,复合表面活性剂对污染土壤中的石油烷烃洗脱效果较单一表面活性剂更好,且随复合表面活性剂SDS/Tw-80中的组分配合比例的增大而显著提高,同时能够降低胶束的成束浓度要求,扩大目标物在单位胶束内的容纳量,促使各目标长链烷烃进入胶束内部的趋势加大。复合表面活性剂的适用不仅能够改善胶束构成,且组分间表现出显著的协同作用,从而使在保证较高洗脱效率的同时能够大幅降低试剂用量,有效地克服土壤的吸附作用,把对土壤性状的影响降低,对土壤质量的恢复具有积极意义。     

两种季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂对番茄灰霉病菌的生物活性

为探讨季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂在番茄灰霉病防治中的应用潜力,室内采用菌丝生长速率法测定了五种阳离子表面活性剂对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea的毒力作用,筛选出具有较高抑菌活性的1227(十二烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵)和C8-10(双八、十烷基季铵盐),并研究了其对该菌菌丝干重、分生孢子萌发、产孢量、菌核形成及细胞膜透性的影响。结果表明,五种阳离子表面活性剂中1227和C8-10对病原菌菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用,EC50值分别为8.39和5.82μg/mL,其毒力高于常规对照药剂腐霉利水悬浮剂,与嘧霉胺水悬浮剂、乙霉威水悬浮剂相当。两者对菌丝干重、孢子萌发均有较强的抑制作用,20μg/mL时抑制率接近或达到100%;对菌核数、菌核形态及分布有一定影响;40μg/mLC8-10对该菌产孢量的抑制率可达90%以上;1227和C8-10的浓度大于20μg/mL时均能明显影响病原菌细胞膜的通透性。     

Porcine surfactant in treatment of LPS-induced early-stage acute lung injury in rats

AIM: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of intratracheal instillation of porcine pulmonary surfactant (PPS) in rats with lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced early-stage ALI in this study.METHODS: SD rats weighing 200 g-300 g were randomly divided into 4 groups: LPS (1.5 mg·kg-1)+saline,LPS+PPS 100 mg·kg^-1,LPS+PPS 150 mg·kg^-1,LPS+PPS 200 mg·kg^-1.The PaO₂ and PaCO₂,as well as survival rate of rats were examined for 6 h after the start of PPS-instillation.Then,rats were killed and lungs were immediately removed for lung index (LI) and histological analysis.The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected for measurement of total protein (TP) contents,TNF-α level and white blood cell(WBC) numbers.RESULTS: Significantly increased PaO₂,reduced mortality rate,decreased total protein and TNF-α contents in BAL,as well as lung index and meliorated histological appearance were observed in three PPS-treated groups compared with group given saline after LPS (P<0.05).The therapeutic effect in PPS150 and PPS200 groups was better than that in PPS100 group.CONCLUSION: Intratracheal PPS instillation provides protective effect on acute lung injury in rats induced by LPS.     

Synthesis of 1-hydroxyethyl-2-alkyl-2-imidazoline and its derivative sulfonate amphoteric surfactant from tall oil fatty acid

1-Hydroxyethyl-2-alkyl-2-imidazoline (HEAI) and its derivative sulfonate amphoteric surfactant were synthesized using tall oil fatty acid as the raw material. Suitable experimental conditions for synthesizing the intermediate and final products were probed. Their chemical structures were also investigated by means of infrared spectroscopy and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Based on the results of these analyses, it has been found that during the reaction process of HEAI with sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropane sulfonate under alkaline condition the imidazoline ring was hydrolyzed to amides, and the obtained amphoteric surfactant was actually a complex mixture of amides. An etherification reaction in the hydroxyethyl group was also observed when the HEAI/sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropane sulfonate molar ratio was more than 1:1.     

糖基天然表面活性剂蔗糖酯的研究综述

综述了非离子糖基天然表面活性剂蔗糖酯的各种合成方法:酰氯酯化法、酯交换法、酶催化法等.重点介绍了现有的较成熟的酯交换法的各种工艺,包括溶剂法,水溶剂法和无溶剂法,并介绍了不同合成方法相应的精制工艺和检测方法,指出了现有各种工艺的优点和缺陷,并展望了我国蔗糖酯工业发展的趋势.     

混合表面活性剂分散纳米CeO2颗粒的协同效应

选用CTAB阳离子型和SDBS阴离子型分别与Tween80非离子型表面活性剂进行复配，通过Zeta电位、吸附等温线以及沉降性能测定，研究了混合表面活性剂对水相介质中纳米CeO2颗粒分散稳定性能影响的协同效应。结果表明：不同混合表面活性剂体系中纳米CeO2颗粒表现出不同的表面电性，从而影响其分散稳定行为；纳米CeO2颗粒对两种混合表面活性剂均有良好的吸附性能，但其吸附等温线形式有所不同；碱性条件下，混合表面活性剂能显著改善纳米CeO2颗粒的分散稳定性，其中SDBS与Tween 80的协同作用更为明显。     

铁（Ⅲ）—邻硝基苯基荧光酮—CEHEAELA—Brij—35显色反应的研究与应用

本文研究了在新两性表面活性剂Ｎ－［Ｎ＇－（羧乙基）－Ｎ＇－（２－羟乙基）氨乙基］月桂酰胺钠盐（ＣＥＨＥＡＥＬＡ）和十二醇聚氧乙烯２３醚（Ｂｒｉｊ－３５）存在下，铁（Ⅲ）与邻硝基苯基荧光酮（Ｏ－ＮＰＦ）的显色反应．在ｐＨ６．０～９．０的ＨＡｃ－ＮａＡｃ缓冲介质中，Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）与Ｏ－ＮＰＦ形成１：３的桔红色配合物，最大吸收波长在５８０ｎｍ处，表观摩尔吸光系数ε＿（５８０）达１．４０×１０￣５Ｌ·ｍｏｌ￣（－１）·ｃｍ￣（－１），铁（Ⅲ）浓度在０～０．４８ｕｇ／ｍＬ范围内符合比尔定律．方法用于水样、人发及铝合金中痕量铁的测定，结果满意．     

表面张力法研究表面活性剂和肌酸激酶相互作用

】本文利用表面张力法研究了十二烷基硫酸钠（ＳＤＳ）和溴化十二烷基三甲铵（Ｃ１２ＮＭ３）与肌酸激酶（Ｃ．Ｋ．）的相互作用。结果表明，当ＳＤＳ为０．０５ｍＭ时，ＳＤＳ开始“明显”和Ｃ．Ｋ．结合。在溶液的ｐＨ＜６．０（Ｃ．Ｋ．的等电点）时，于０．２～１．２ｍＭ的浓度范围内，ＳＤＳ可引起Ｃ．Ｋ．的沉淀。在溶液的ｐＨ＞８．０时，于０．６～４．５ｍＭ的浓度范围内，Ｃ１２ＮＭ３可引起Ｃ．Ｋ．沉淀。Ｃ．Ｋ．和ＳＤＳ的结合量随溶液ｐＨ和ＳＤＳ浓度的增加而增加