霉菌毒素吸附剂对产蛋鸡生产性能、蛋黄中微量元素含量、血清抗氧化和生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究霉菌毒素吸附剂(分别命名为CZ和SF)对产蛋鸡生产性能、蛋黄中微量元素含量、血清抗氧化和生化指标的影响。选取216只38周龄健康的罗曼蛋鸡,随机分成3个组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组(CZ组、SF组)分别在基础饲粮中添加0.5 g/kg的CZ和SF。预试期为10 d,正试期为35 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,CZ组产蛋鸡试验3~5周产蛋率、日产蛋量显著提高(P0.05);饲粮中添加霉菌毒素吸附剂对产蛋鸡的平均蛋重、平均日采食量、料蛋比和死淘率均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,各试验组产蛋鸡第14天和第35天蛋黄铜、锰含量均无显著差异(P0.05);CZ组第14天蛋黄锌含量显著提高(P0.05)。3)饲粮中添加霉菌毒素吸附剂对第14天和第35天产蛋鸡血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量无显著影响(P0.05)。与对照组相比,各试验组产蛋鸡第14天血清总抗氧化能力均显著提高(P0.05);SF组第35天血清总超氧化物歧化酶活性显著提高(P0.05)。4)与对照组相比,CZ组产蛋鸡血清碱性磷酸酶活性、葡萄糖含量显著降低(P0.05);SF组血清总胆固醇含量显著降低(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加霉菌毒素吸附剂CZ明显提高了产蛋鸡产蛋性能,2种吸附剂CZ和SF都增强了产蛋鸡血清抗氧化功能,改善了部分血清生化指标。     

饲料中添加壳寡糖和霉菌毒素吸附剂对凡纳滨对虾肠道黏膜形态及菌群结构的影响

实验旨在研究在饲料中分别或联合添加壳寡糖(chitosan oligosaccharide,COS)和霉菌毒素吸附剂(mycotoxins adsorbent)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肠道黏膜形态及菌群结构的影响。在基础饲料(对照组)中分别添加250 mg/kg COS、2500 mg/kg霉菌毒素吸附剂、250 mg COS+2500 mg/kg霉菌毒素吸附剂(组号为C0、C0.25、M2.5、C0.25+M2.5),制成4组等氮等能饲料,投喂初重(0.23±0.02)g的凡纳滨对虾8周。结果显示:COS与霉菌毒素吸附剂联合使用有助于改善肠道形态学指标,C0.25+M2.5组绒毛高显著大于C0、C0.25组(P0.05),绒毛宽显著大于M2.5组(P0.05),肌层厚度显著大于其他各组(P0.05)。高通量测序结果表明各组有效操作分类单元(Operational Taxonomic Unit,OTUs)数目无显著性差异(P0.05);C0.25+M2.5组Observed species指数、Shannon指数、PD值显著低于M2.5组(P0.05),但显著高于C0.25组(P0.05),与C0组无显著性差异(P0.05);肠道菌群主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),C0.25+M2.5组变形菌门细菌含量最低且厚壁菌门细菌含量最高,各组拟杆菌门细菌均升高,C0组含量最低。在属水平上,弧菌属(Vibrio)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)、Spongiimonas、发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)以及Candidatus Bacilloplasma占主要优势,C0.25+M2.5组弧菌属、发光杆菌属细菌含量均有效减少;C0.25+M2.5组发光杆菌属细菌含量最低,假交替单胞菌属细菌含量最高。250 mg/kg COS和2500 mg/kg霉菌毒素吸附剂联合添加对菌群丰富度无显著影响,但优化了肠道形态学指标及肠道菌群结构,提升了肠道健康,效果优于单一添加组。     

Caesalpinia spinosa and Castanea sativa tannins: A new source of biopolymers with adsorbent capacity. Preliminary assessment on cationic dye removal

Tannins from Caesalpinia spinosa (Tara) and Castanea sativa (Chestnut) have been tested for gelification. Adsorbent are produced by formaldehyde-induced polymerization (TTG for Tara, CTG for Chestnut). These new biopolymers were tested for cationic dye removal and promising results were achieved: gelified tannins from both natural vegetal sources were effective in removing Victoria Blue R, Methylene Blue (MB) and Fuchsine, while Auramine O and Rhodamine B were refractory to this treatment. The particular case of CTG-MB is ruled by Langmuir adsorption hypothesis. k_l1 and k_l2 parameters are obtained for four different temperatures according to linear, non linear and multiparametric adjustment. Good r² correlation coefficients are obtained in every case.     

二甲基-正丁基-磺化木质素基氯化铵的合成及性能研究

以麦草碱木质素为原料通过Mannich和磺化反应合成了二甲基-正丁基-磺化木质素基氯化铵(DBSLAC)两性表面活性剂,表征了其结构,考察其在不同pH值溶液中溶解性,并以铜离子为模拟废水考察了其吸附性能,以酸性黑(ATT)和亚甲基蓝为模拟染料废水考察了其絮凝性能。结果表明:傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)证明产物中含有季铵根和磺酸根的化学结构,DBSLAC含氮量2.34%。DBSLAC两性表面活性剂对Cu2+的吸附平衡符合Freundlich等温方程,并且在20 mL Cu2+溶液的初始质量浓度为100 mg/L,投加量0.002 g、pH值5.5和吸附时间2 h的条件下对Cu2+的吸附效果最佳,吸附量达262.34 mg/g;在20 mL染料溶液中,对酸性黑ATT(阴离子染料)的絮凝效果在投加量0.03 g、pH值2和染料质量浓度为0.1 g/L时最佳,最大脱色率75.41%;对亚甲基蓝(阳离子染料)的絮凝效果在投加量0.3 g、pH值9和染料质量浓度为0.1 g/L时最佳,最大脱色率97.87%,结果表明DBSLAC可用作重金属离子吸附剂和染料絮凝剂。     

Heavy Metal Release from Some Industrial Wastes: Influence of Organic and Inorganic Acids, Clay Minerals, and Nanoparticles

Knowledge about heavy metal release from industrial solid wastes(ISWs) is crucial for better management of their environmental risks. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic acids, clay minerals, and nanoparticles(NPs) on the release of heavy metals from sugar factory waste, ceramic factory waste, leather factory waste, and stone cutting waste. The influence of the extractants on heavy metal release from these ISWs was in the following descending order: citric acid oxalic acid nitric acid≥ sulfuric acid Ca Cl2. Addition of clay minerals and NPs as adsorbents decreased heavy metal release, which was significantly lower in NP-treated wastes than in the clay mineral-treated wastes. On the other hand, the presence of organic and inorganic acids increased heavy metal adsorption by NPs and clay minerals. These results suggest that NPs can be applied successfully in waste remediation,and organic and inorganic acids play an important role in the removal of heavy metals from the studied adsorbents.     

Adsorbents from Schinopsis balansae: Optimisation of significant variables

The current article presents the study of the influencing variables in gelification process of Schinopsis balansae tannin extract. This product is an adsorbent for wastewater remediation since it retains cationic pollutants such as heavy metals, surfactants or dyes. Design of experiments procedure was used in order to evaluate the influence of two main factors involved in the immovilization process: temperature and formaldehyde-tannin ratio. The complete statistical protocol has confirmed an optimal temperature of 75 °C and the fact that minimum amount of formaldehyde leads to a more efficient adsorbent. The theoretical predicted results through the design of experiments were experimentally confirmed.     

乙醇胺改性硅胶吸附剂对模拟沼气中CH_4/CO_2的分离性能

沼气的主要成分是CH4和CO2,有效地去除沼气中的CO2是确保沼气成为优质燃气的必要条件。吸附法是去除沼气中CO2的有效方法,研制性能优良的吸附剂是吸附法研究的核心问题。该文以FNG-II型硅胶为载体,乙醇胺(ethanolamine,MEA)为改性剂,制备了MEA改性硅胶吸附剂,表示为FS-MEA(FNG-II Silica-ethanolamine)。用X射线衍射、N2物理吸附脱附法、热重-差热、红外光谱等手段对吸附材料的结构、比表面积、孔结构、改性后结构变化等进行了分析。通过动态吸附分离试验,考察了FS-MEA对CH4/CO2的分离性能。结果表明:改性方法可将MEA附着在载体内孔表面,制得的FS-MEA可有效地分离CH4/CO2,但经过2次使用再生后,FS-MEA对CH4/CO2的分离性能有所下降,因此必须提高乙醇胺改性硅胶吸附剂的再生性能,才有可能使其应用于沼气提纯。     

低成本吸附剂吸附废水重金属的热力学研究

首先分析了用于评价低成本吸附剂吸附废水重金属过程自发性的热力学参数,然后基于自发反应的热力学评定标准,探讨不同温度范围内吸附过程的自发性。