咖啡黑小蠹的发生规律及药剂防治研究

咖啡黑小蠢是近年在兴隆华侨农场严重危害中粒种咖啡的重要害虫。据1989年对4—5年生咖啡树调查,植株受害率100％,枝条受害率29.7—82.5％,虫害枯枝率7.65—17.8％。该虫以雌成虫钻蛀咖啡枝条为害,幼虫和成虫取食蛀道壁上的真菌菌丝。田间种群数量通常在3月上旬开始剧增,3月中下旬为高峰期,7月至10月田间虫口极少,11月以后逐渐有虫口及虫枯枝出现。温度是影响虫口波动的主要因素。2.5％溴氰菊酶、25％杀虫双、40％乐菊酯各兑水1000倍对成虫直接触杀效果显著,死亡率均为100％。48％乐斯本、40％氧化乐果400—800倍液等12种杀虫剂田间喷雾对咖啡枝条蛀洞内的成虫、蛹、幼虫防效均不明显。     

麻楝蛀斑螟成虫的羽化节律及生殖行为

在温度（25±1）℃,光暗周期L：D=14：10（光期06：00开始,20：00结束）,相对湿度RH=75％-80％的条件下,观察了麻楝蛀斑螟成虫的羽化与生殖行为．结果表明：成虫羽化率85．4％,羽化期25d左右;羽化行为主要出现在暗期,日羽化高峰在20：00-23：00,占总羽化量的80．7％;雌、雄比例0．83：1．羽化后第2天达到性成熟,当天羽化的成虫未发生交配;交配发生在进入暗期5-8h,交配持续时间50—200min;随着日龄的增大,交配率降低,交配持续时间增长;交配后第2天开始产卵;雌、雄虫均未发现2次交配现象．交配雌虫平均产卵104粒,卵期7d左右,孵化率84．3％;未交配雌虫平均产卵157粒,孵化率0．交配雌虫和雄虫的平均寿命为3．73和2．93d,未交配雌虫和雄虫的平均寿命为5．87和5．03d．     

不同浓度IBA和扦插深度对桉树嫩枝扦插的影响

采用随机区组试验,研究了不同浓度IBA和扦插深度对桉树嫩枝扦插成活的影响。结果表明,不同浓度IBA对桉树扦插成活有显著影响,以4 000mg·L-1IBA速蘸嫩枝扦插效果最好,生根率达到了92.23%;不同扦插深度对桉树生根率有显著影响,以扦插深度为4cm时效果最佳,生根率达到了86.19%。     

Identification of PCR-based markers linked to the powdery-mildew-resistance gene Pl1 from Malus robusta in cultivated apple

The availability of molecular markers linked to mildew resistance genes would enhance the efficiency of apple-breeding programmes. This investigation focuses on the identification of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to the Pl₁ gene for mildew resistance, which has introgressed from Malus robusta into cultivated apples. The RAPD marker technique was combined with a modified ‘bulked seg-regant analysis’ mapping strategy. About 850 random decamer primers used as single primers or in combinations were tested by PCR analysis on the basis of resistant and susceptible DNA pools. Selected primers producing RAPD fragments were applied in an additional selection step to M. robusta and genotypes representing intermediate breeding stages of the breeding population 93/9, for which a 1:1 segregation could be observed for the resistance trait. Seven RAPD markers, all representing introgressed DNA sequences from M. robusta, were identified and arranged with the Pl₁ locus in a common linkage group. The two most tightly-linked RAPD markers, OPAT20₄₅₀ and OPD2₁₀₀₀ were mapped with a genetic distance of 4.5 and 5 cM, respectively, from the Pl₁ gene. Both markers are suitable for marker-assisted selection in apple breeding. The polymorphic DNA fragment OPAT20₄₅₀ was cloned and sequenced, and longer primers for the generation of a sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker have been constructed; this marker was easier to score than the original RAPD marker.     

Identification of marker alleles linked to fire blight resistance QTLs in apple genotypes

Molecular marker analysis can be an effective tool when searching for new fire blight resistance donors. It can speed up the breeding process as well, even though many of the available markers linked to fire blight resistance QTLs have not yet been tested by screening a large number of cultivars. The aim of this study was to search for alternate sources of the three major QTLs of fire blight resistance; FBF7, FB_MR5 and FB_E, as well as to test the efficiency of some markers linked to minor QTLs. Altogether, nine primer pairs were used on 77 genotypes including new Hungarian cultivars and old apple cultivars from the Carpathian basin. Several marker alleles of FB resistance QTLs have been detected in the screened genotypes, most importantly the alleles coupling with FB_MR5 in the old cultivars ‘Kéresi muskotály’, ‘Szabadkai szercsika’ and ‘Batul’. We propose these cultivars as the first available resistance donors of FB_MR5 instead of the crabapple Malus × robusta 5. The results also bring new information regarding the resistance alleles of new Hungarian cultivars and selections.     

大叶桉叶精油化学成分及其抑菌活性

通过对水蒸气蒸馏法提取的大叶桉叶精油进行柱层析分离、气—质联用分析和抑菌活性试验,比较分析了大叶桉叶精油的抑菌活性和化学组成。结果表明:大叶桉叶精油对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌有较明显的抑制作用;气—质联用分析共分离出121个色谱峰,鉴定出60个化合物(占精油总量的93.9%),单萜和含氧单萜是大叶桉叶精油的主要化学成分。     

The Role of Formal Marketing Channels in NTFP Business

The marketing of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) through formal channels is a complicated task in the Global South because of the lack of suitable infrastructure and the influence of intermediaries. Strengthening the formal marketing process, on the one hand, can reduce the exploitation of forest products while improving the socioeconomic status of forest fringe villagers. This article examines how identifying the present problems of formal marketing system, can be enhanced in the future in the dry-deciduous forest area of West Bengal, India, where a considerable amount of dispersed Sal (Shorea robusta) forest exists.     

广西桉树人工林生态效益分析与评价

[目的]评价广西桉树人工林生态效益,筛选出能够促进桉树发展的主要技术指标。[方法]通过调查分析广西8个代表性地区的桉树人工林经营发展现状,采用文献查找借阅、实证研究、定量化研究与定性化研究相结合的方法,对广西桉树人工林发展进行生态效益评价。[结果]桉树人工林单项生态服务价值量从小到大依次为净化空气价值、水源涵养价值、固碳释氧价。生态健康价值=固碳释氧价值+水源涵养价值+净化空气价值。广西各地区桉树人工林生态健康价值平均为16.51万元/(hm2·a)。[结论]该研究可为更好地发展广西地区桉树人工林生态效益提供理论依据。     

微波辅助-顶空固相微萃取法分析大叶桉叶片挥发油化学成分

[目的]快速分析贵州产大叶桉叶片中挥发油化学成分。[方法]应用微波辅助-顶空固相微萃取法提取大叶桉叶片挥发油,同时应用气相色谱-质谱法结合色谱保留指数法对化学成分进行定性定量分析。[结果]在大叶桉叶片中确定出35个组分,其相对含量分数占挥发油总质量的98.840%,主要成分是桉油精（35.480%）、[1aR-（1a.α.,4a.α.,7.α.,7a.β.,7b.α.）]-脱氢-1,1,7-三甲基-4-亚甲基-1氢-环丙[e]甘菊环（12.110%）、对-（孟）-1-烯-8-醇（7.966%）、α-蒎烯（6.187%）等组分。[结论]微波辅助-顶空固相微萃取法操作简便、快速,提取时间能够缩短到4.0min,整个分析周期在1.5h内完成,能够应用于植物挥发油化学成分的快速分析。     

入侵害虫芒果壮铗普瘿蚊对5种芒果挥发物的电生理反应和行为选择

芒果壮铗普瘿蚊（Procontarinia robusta）是我国外来危险性入侵害虫,坚硬的瘿壳导致药剂防治困难。植食性昆虫主要通过触角接收植物挥发物选择寄主,本研究采用触角电位联用仪（EAG）和“Y”型嗅觉仪观察瘿蚊成虫对芒果叶片挥发物成分（α-蒎烯、3-莰烯、α-石竹烯、异松油烯、乙酸乙酯）的电生理反应和行为选择,结果显示：EAG反应值大小排序依次为α-蒎烯>3-莰烯>α-石竹烯>异松油烯>乙酸乙酯,α-蒎烯处理组显著高于其他挥发物。虽然雌虫对于α-蒎烯、3-莰烯、α-石竹烯3种物质的EAG反应值比雄虫的高,但是雌雄之间对同一挥发物差异不显著（P<0.05）。行为选择结果显示：对瘿蚊吸引率高低依次为：3-莰烯>乙酸乙酯>α-石竹烯>α-蒎烯>异松油烯;3-莰烯对瘿蚊的吸引率最高,达到74.20%,显著高于α-蒎烯和异松油烯,乙酸乙酯吸引率次之,达到66.07%;异松油酯的趋避性最高,达到74.25%,显著高于其他挥发物。实验中也显示浓度阈值现象,α-蒎烯在浓度0.5 mL/L和1 mL/L浓度范围内有显著的趋避效果,在高于或低于此范围内的其他浓度引诱率和趋避率差异不显著。α-石竹烯高浓度（1.0 mL/L and 2.0 mL/L）对芒果壮铗普瘿蚊有显著引诱作用,3-莰烯和α-石竹烯处理组随着浓度的升高对瘿蚊的引诱率增加。研究结果为阐释瘿蚊入侵机理提供理论依据,为开发引诱剂或趋避剂提供技术支撑。