不同方法制备的雷竹竹沥化学成分分析

分别采用烧制法、干馏法和渗漉法3种不同方法提取雷竹(Phyllostachys praecox)竹沥,运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析所含化学成分的差异。结果表明,烧制法提取竹沥检出峰104个,可定性成分为20个,含量占总检出成分的62.89%;干馏法提取竹沥检出峰100个,可定性成分21个,含量占总检出成分的57.14%;渗漉法提取竹沥检出峰99个,可定性成分33个,含量占总检出成分的64.81%。雷竹竹沥所含的有机化合物含量与不同的提取方法有关,有机酸类化合物提取应采用烧制法;醛类化合物、醇类化合物提取宜采用渗漉法;酚类化合物提取采用干馏法最优。     

竹蚜空间格局及其抽样技术初步研究

采用聚集度指标等方法测定并分析竹蚜空间格局 ,结果表明 :竹蚜 Astegopteryx bambusae在林间呈聚集分布 ,其个体间相互吸引 ,分布的基本成份是个体群 ,聚集度随种群密度的升高而增大 .同时 ,应用 Iwao统计方法 ,计算了不同种群密度下最适抽样数及序贯抽样     

中国新记录——竹泰广肩小蜂

竹泰广肩小蜂在浙江临安1年1代，11月下旬以老熟幼虫在寄主虫瘿内过冬，翌年4月上旬起化蛹，4月下旬羽化。幼虫为害期从5月上中旬开始至11月下旬止。4月下旬羽化高峰期用敌马烟剂熏杀。     

Seasonal population dynamics of Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari, Phytoseiidae) in apple orchards in the region Meckenheim

Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari, Phytoseiidae) has been reported as the most important predator of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari, Tetranychidae) in apple culture. However, biological data on T. pyri was insufficient on important parameters like seasonal population dynamics and within-tree and on-leaf distribution in apple orchards in the region of Meckenheim, Germany. The purpose of the present work was, therefore, to obtain experimental data on these parameters of T. pyri from 2000 to 2002 in the apple orchards in this region. The results showed that overwintered females of T. pyri reactivate and start laying eggs between late March and early April. The mean daily number of the different stages of T. pyri per leaf peaked in July each year, where it ranged between 0.92–1.68 eggs, 0.81–1.41 nymphs, 0.64–1.32 females and 0.37–0.52 males. A significantly higher number of T. pyri individuals congregated in the bottom layer of trees (0.34–0.64 individuals/leaf) than in the middle and top layers (0.23–0.38 and 0.12–0.23 individuals/leaf, respectively). We found that 91.4–94.1% of the total eggs, 89.6–91.7% larvae, 73.0–76.5% nymphs, 60.5–64.6% adult females and 52.6–55.9% adult males concentrated their activities in the inner area of the leaf surface. More than 50% of the predatory mites congregated in the bottom layer in winter. Mean total density of the overwintering females in December of 2000,2001 and 2002 ranged between 10.6–14.2 females/5 cm twig in the bottom, 7.3–10.4 in the middle and 4.1–6.9 in the top layers of the apple trees. Mean total fecundity recorded over the 3 years was lowest in the overwintering generation with 31.8–37.6 eggs/female, highest in the June generation with 45.9–53.7 eggs/female, and intermediate in the August generation with 41.5–46.1 eggs/female. The overwintering generation was composed entirely of females, while the female to male ratio in the June generation was 2:1, and in the August generation 3:1. T. pyri overwinters as adult females in rough structures, cracks and crevices of twigs.     

竹盲走螨、胡瓜钝绥螨对毛竹害螨的控制作用研究

应用实验种群生命表数据分析毛竹林本土优势种竹盲走螨和引进种胡瓜钝绥螨对毛竹4种害螨南京裂爪螨、竹裂爪螨、竹缺爪螨、竹刺瘿螨的控制能力。结果表明①胡瓜钝绥螨取食上述4种害螨的世代存活率分别为90．4％、77．55％、87．93％、81．63％，每雌总产卵量分别为38．12粒、45．77粒、35．59粒、30．26粒，而乡土优势种竹盲走螨取食上述4种害螨的世代存活率分别为95．23％、100％、87．7％、80．48％，每雌总产卵量分别为44．5、46．8、41．15、20．1粒；②竹盲走螨以南京裂爪螨为猎物时其内禀增长率(0．155)与引进种胡瓜钝绥螨(0．154)相近，均明显高于南京裂爪螨(0．1089)；③竹盲走螨以竹裂爪螨为猎物其内禀增长率(0．152)与胡瓜钝绥螨(0．152)相同但明显低于竹裂爪螨(0．192)；④竹盲走螨以竹缺爪螨为猎物时其内禀增长率为(0．148)明显低于引进种胡瓜钝绥螨(0．175)和其猎物(0．185)；⑤竹盲走螨取食竹刺瘿螨易大量逃跑，雌螨产卵量低，引进种胡瓜钝绥螨取食竹刺瘿螨能正常生长发育，但是其内禀增长率(0．144)明显低于其取食上述其余3种害螨的内禀增长率，产卵量高于当地种竹盲走螨，并描述1998年以来每年5—6月助迁人工繁殖的胡瓜钝绥螨控制毛竹害螨蔓延的效果。     

竹笋绒茎蝇的研究

竹笋绒茎蝇是毛竹笋根重要害虫,在浙江省一年1代,少数二年1代,以蛹越冬。成虫在 3月份日均气温达12℃以上时羽化,幼虫 4月中旬到 5月下旬为害。被害笋根仅残留 10cm 余,失去吸收及支持作用,增加竹笋退死率,成竹竹杆尖削度大,且容易倒伏。     

野生竹红菌中总氮的测定

[目的]为进一步研究竹红菌奠定基础。[方法]用凯氏定氮法测定总氮含量,研究温度、消化时间及样品用量对野生竹红菌消化过程的影响。[结果]野生竹红菌样品与硫酸钾、硫酸铜、硫酸的比例分别为1∶5、2∶1、1∶15时消化最佳。样品预处理条件和消化时间一致,温度为250~350℃时,不同的样品用量测定的总氮量没有较大差异。消化温度越高,样品中获得的粗蛋白和总氮越高,温度是影响消化的关键因素,并且消化温度越高所用的消化时间越短。[结论]利用凯氏定氮法测定竹红菌中总氮的最优消化条件为样品量0.5 g左右,起始消化温度300℃,泡沫减少和烟雾变白后升高至350℃,消化时间4 h左右,在此条件下竹红菌的粗蛋白含量达22.50%,总含氮量达3.60%。     

毛竹叶螨的重要天敌竹盲走螨生态学研究

本文报道了毛竹害螨一南京裂爪螨Schizotetranychus nanjingensis Ma ＆ Yuan和竹缺爪螨Aponychus corpuzae Rimando的重要天敌竹盲走螨Typhlodromus bambusae的研究：在22～30℃室温下以南京裂爪螨为食料，卵期1．7天，幼螨期1．7天，Ⅰ若螨期0．8天，Ⅱ若螨期0．8天，产卵前期3．2天。林间雌：雄为2．78：1，总产卵量35～40粒。毛竹换叶、降雨量是影响林间竹盲走螨种群动态的主要因素。猎物的质量、数量是影响竹盲走螨存活的重要因素。最后对竹盲走螨的作用进行了评价。     

Effects of margosan-o™, azatin™ and RD9-repelin® on spiders,and on predacious and phytophagous mites

The effects of Margosan-O^TM, Azatin^TM and RD9-Repelin on the phytophagous miteTetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.), the predacious miteTyphlodromus athiasae, and the predatory spiderChiracanthium mildei were studied and compared in laboratory experimentsr.-No toxic effect of any of these neem formulations was observed onC. mildei. Margosan-O and Azatin were not toxic to eitherT. cinnabarinus orT. athiasae, but RD9-Repelin was highly toxic to both the phytophagous and the predacious mite.     

An index for selective toxicity of miticides to phytophagous mites and their predators based on orchard trials

Data from nine trials conducted from 1990 to 1998 in apple orchards in Nova Scotia and Quebec, Canada, were used to estimate the predator-prey selectivity of miticides and their potential compatibility with biological control of mites. The European red mite Panonychus ulmi (Koch) was the dominant and more harmful phytophagous species, followed by the apple rust mite, Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa). Two predacious mites, the phytoseiid, Typhlodromus pyri Sheuten, and the stigmaeid, Zetzellia mali (Ewing), were often found in the orchards. We used one minus the ratio of mite-days in treated plots to those in the control plots as an index of population suppression and toxicity of the miticides. Miticides were then categorized into classes similar to those employed by the International Organization for Biological Control to rate pesticide toxicity to natural enemies of insect and mite pests. Selectivity of miticides was mostly based on toxicity to P ulmi, the major pest, versus toxicity to T pyri, the major predator, with some consideration of the two lesser species, A schlechtendali and Z mali. In most cases, our findings were in accord with other studies. Abamectin and clofentezine had favourable selectivity (more toxic to the two phytophagous mites than to T pyri). The higher recommended rate of pyridaben (450 g ha(-1)) and two rates of spirodiclofen (180 and 240 g ha(-1)) were neutral (equally toxic to pests and predators). The lower rate of pyridaben (216 g ha(-1)), dicofol, formetanate hydrochloride and propargite were unfavourably selective (more toxic to T pyri). A higher than recommended rate of pyridaben (2160 g ha(-1)) applied before bloom was disruptive--P ulmi-days after treatment were actually greater than with the untreated control. P ulmi resistance to dicofol and propargite were probable complicating factors in some of the orchard trials.