森林可燃物的燃烧性与化学组成

从五种针叶树叶(白皮云杉、红松、兴安落叶松、黑皮油松、樟子松)以及六种阔叶树叶(柳树、白桦、杨树、黄波罗、水曲柳、蒙古栎)的春季和秋季样品的水分、灰分(水溶性和水不溶性)、醚抽提物、含氮量、含磷量的分析得出:兴安落叶松和柳树的可燃性最小。这一结果与热重分析所得结果相符合。     

直列4缸内燃机双轴平衡系统设计

直列4缸平面布置曲轴内燃机存在不平衡的二阶往复惯性力,采用兰氏双轴平衡系统,可以平衡二阶往复惯性力,使内燃机的噪声和振动明显下降。     

欧式木窗专用推台铣主轴动平衡方法研究

介绍了普及型欧式木窗专用推台铣床的作用及其特性，阐述了欧式木窗推台铣床主轴的平衡理论基础．指出了该机械系统的动平衡方法，并通过试验做出了分析。     

Evaluating biodegradability of soil organic matter by its thermal stability and chemical composition

The stability of soil organic matter (SOM) as it relates to resistance to microbial degradation has important implications for nutrient cycling, emission of greenhouse gases, and C sequestration. Hence, there is interest in developing new ways to quantify and characterise the labile and stable forms of SOM. Our objective in this study was to evaluate SOM under widely contrasting management regimes to determine whether the variation in chemical composition and resistance to pyrolysis observed for various constituent C fractions could be related to their resistance to decomposition. Samples from the same soil under permanent pasture, an arable cropping rotation, and chemical fallow were physically fractionated (sand: 2000-50 μm; silt: 50-5 μm, and clay: <5 μm). Biodegradability of the SOM in size fractions and whole soils was assessed in a laboratory mineralization study. Thermal stability was determined by analytical pyrolysis using a Rock-Eval pyrolyser, and chemical composition was characterized by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the C and N K-edges. Relative to the pasture soil, SOM in the arable and fallow soils declined by 30% and 40%, respectively. The mineralization bioassay showed that SOM in whole soil and soil fractions under fallow was less susceptible to biodegradation than that in other management practices. The SOM in the sand fraction was significantly more biodegradable than that in the silt or clay fractions. Analysis by XANES showed a proportional increase in carboxylates and a reduction in amides (protein) and aromatics in the fallow whole soil compared to the pasture and arable soils. Moreover, protein depletion was greatest in the sand fraction of the fallow soil. Sand fractions in fallow and arable soils were, however, relatively enriched in plant-derived phenols, aromatics, and carboxylates compared to the sand fraction of pasture soils. Analytical pyrolysis showed distinct differences in the thermal stability of SOM among the whole soil and their size fractions; it also showed that the loss of SOM generally involved preferential degradation of H-rich compounds. The temperature at which half of the C was pyrolyzed was strongly correlated with mineralizable C, providing good evidence for a link between the biological and thermal stability of SOM.     

光胁迫对沙冬青叶绿素荧光特征和光呼吸的影响

使用LI-6400测定乌兰布和沙漠东北缘的沙冬青在不同光合有效辐射下的叶绿素荧光特征和光呼吸变化,进而研究其光破坏防御特征的变化。结果表明,PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)可作为衡量沙冬青光胁迫程度大小指标,有效光化学量子产量(Fv′/Fm′)、总光合速率(Pt)、非光化学猝灭(qN)、光呼吸速率(Rp)和Rp/Pt等指标的光进程曲线临界点值和临界点光强度与Fv/Fm的关系都具有明显的规律性。随着Fv/Fm降低,光胁迫程度增加,导致沙冬青光胁迫的最小光合有效辐射降低。可见,沙冬青光破坏防御的一种策略是在胁迫程度较小时通过提高热耗散和光呼吸相对比值(Rp/Pt)来消耗过剩能量,而在胁迫程度较大时可通过增加抑制热耗散和光呼吸的光合有效辐射实现对过剩光能的消耗。     

Flowability,moisture sorption and thermal properties of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] grain flours

Recently tef is attracting the attention of the modern food industry since it is a gluten-free grain encompassing highly appreciated nutritional advaxntages. As a relatively new raw material, little information on its handling and processing properties is available. Flowability, water sorption characteristics and thermal properties of flours from three Ethiopian tef varieties were studied. Wheat (whole and refined) and rice flours were included as references. Tef flours were less flowable than the reference flours and their flow properties were more sensitive to water activity changes. Tef flours led to sigmoidal sorption isotherms with estimated monolayer water content of 0.053 (BET model) and 0.057 (GAB model) g water/g dry solids. No significant differences among the three tef varieties were observed on their gelatinization enthalpies that were higher than that of wheat and similar to rice. The amylopectin recrystallization extent after 7 days of storage at 4 °C was significantly higher in tef than in wheat flour.     

Thermal and rheological properties of brown flour from Indica rice

The thermal, paste and rheological properties of brown flours from four Indica rice subspecies with different amylose content were examined using Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Brabender Viscometer and rheometer. Peak, final and setback viscosities (p < 0.05) increased with increasing amylose content from Brabender micro Visco-Amylo-Graph (MVA), but the phase transition temperatures of brown rice flour from DSC (p < 0.05) decreased with increasing amylose content. Rheological properties were determined by steady shear, small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) and thixotropic experiments. SAOS results showed a gel-like viscoelastic behavior with G′ higher than G″. Steady-shear results showed that the brown rice flour exhibited a non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior and the flow curves can be well described by the Herschel-Bulkley model. The upward-downward rheograms showed that brown rice flour gel, except IR-1, had a hysteresis loop, indicating a strong thixotropic behavior.     

二氧化碳基塑料降解性能的研究

[目的]研究二氧化碳基塑料的降解性能.[方法]以PPC为原料,通过生物降解、热氧化降解和光降解研究了PPC的降解性能.利用乌式粘度计测定了降解过程中PPC塑料的分子量变化;利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪表征了降解过程中PPC的红外光谱特性.[结果]PPC薄膜在27℃恒温培养箱中生物降解15 d后,降解效果明显.180℃热氧化降解36 h,PPC塑料的分子量减少了63％.光氧化降解5d后,PPC塑料的分子量减少了约85％.[结论]与生物降解相比,PPC塑料的热氧化和光降解程度更为明显.     

膜孔灌溉田面综合糙率系数的确定

根据膜孔灌溉田面水流运动特性 ,建立了膜孔灌溉田面水流运动零惯性量数学模型 ,并将其与优化理论相结合 ,提出了确定膜孔灌溉田面综合糙率系数的优化模型。实例计算与方法验证表明 ,该方法能够简单而有效地确定膜孔灌溉田面综合糙率系数。该研究成果为膜孔灌溉理论与技术的进一步研究奠定了基础