Mapping the spatial distribution of shade provision of street trees in Boston using Google Street View panoramas

Street trees provide shade and increase human thermal comfort during hot summer. In this study, we investigated the spatial distribution of shade provision of street trees in Boston, Massachusetts. The sky view factor (SVF), which influences the solar radiation to the ground and affects human thermal comfort, was used to indicate the contribution of street trees on shade provision. Google Street View (GSV) panoramas were used to calculate the photographic method based SVF (SVF_P), with the consideration of all kinds of obstructions within street canyons. A building height model was used to calculate the simulation based SVF (SVFs), with consideration of obstruction of building blocks only. Considering the fact that street trees and building blocks are the two major obstructions of radiation within street canyons, therefore, the difference between the two SVF estimation results can be considered as the shade provision of street trees. The results show that street trees help to decrease the SVF by 24.61% in Boston, Massachusetts. The shading level varies spatially in the study area. Generally, the southwestern area has much higher shading level than the north and the east. We further explored the shading variation among different socioeconomic groups in the study area. Result shows that Hispanics tend to live in neighborhoods with lower shading level. This study can help to provide a reference for future urban greening projects for global climate change adaption.     

Study of some factors affecting the growth and development of myoga (Zingiber mioga Roscoe)

In order to optimise production of the edible flower buds produced by myoga (Zingiber mioga Roscoe) a greater understanding of the growth and development of the plant and factors influencing flower initiation and development are required. The vegetative growth phase in myoga was characterised by a distinct period of pseudostem development from the planted rhizome piece followed by an extended period of rhizome growth from both the base of pseudostems and the planted rhizome piece. The transition from pseudostem formation to the initiation of rhizome growth occurred at the same time as the dry weight of the planted rhizome piece ceased to decline. Flower bud initiation and development occurred over an extended period, beginning soon after the commencement of new rhizome growth and ending prior to foliage senescence. Flower buds were observed at the terminal meristem of first, second, third and fourth order rhizomes. Increasing temperatures stimulated both increased vegetative growth and flower bud initiation and development. Low flower bud yields recorded under conditions of low temperature were the result of reduced rate of floral initiation and not abortion of flower buds. Increased shading of plants grown under glasshouse conditions resulted in reduced flower bud yield and similarly the response resulted from decreased initiation rather than abortion.     

Glycine max and Glycine soja are capable of cold acclimation

Soybean has been considered a cold intolerant species; based largely upon seed germination and soil emergent evaluations. This study reports a distinct acquisition of cold tolerance, in seedlings, following short acclimation periods. Diversity in cold responses was assessed in eight cultivars of Glycine max and six accessions of G. soja. All varieties of soybean significantly increased in freezing tolerance following acclimation. This study indicates soybean seedlings are indeed capable of sensing cold and acquiring cold tolerance. Germination rates after cold imbibition were negatively correlated with maturity group, but positively correlated with cold acclimation potential in G. soja. Seed fatty acid composition was varied between the species, with Glycine soja accessions containing about 2‐times more linolenic acid (18:3) than G. max. Furthermore, high levels of linoleic acid (18:2) in seeds were positively correlated with germination rates following cold imbibition in G. soja only. We suggest that domestication has not impacted the overall ability of soybean to cold acclimate at the seedling stage and that there is little variation within the domesticated species for ability to cold acclimate. Thus, this brief comparative study reduces the enthusiasm for the “wild” species as an additional source of genetic diversity for cold tolerance.     

遮荫对10种地被植物光合特性的影响

为了探讨地被植物在不同遮荫条件下的适应性,本研究以10种地被植物为材料,对其在不同光照条件下的生长状态、日平均净光合速率、表观量子效率及光补偿点进行分析.结果表明:遮荫水平对10种植物的光合有很大影响,10种植物能忍受的遮荫程度不同.对旋覆花、甘野菊、大叶铁线莲、青杞、委陵菜来说,全光比较合适；对蛇莓、匍枝毛茛、匍枝委...     

不同遮荫度对鼠尾草生长的影响

研究了不同遮荫水平(0%、50%、70%、90%)对鼠尾草生长的影响.结果表明:遮荫程度的加重,鼠尾草现蕾、开花的日期延后,开花持续的时间缩短.在开花期,随着遮荫度的增加,植株高度、花序长度、花梗长度降低,叶片长度、叶片宽增加,而整个植株、植株的地上部分及根系的鲜重和干重减少.遮荫处理的叶片数与对照处理的没有显著差异.可见,光照充足有利于鼠尾草的生长和花期的延长.     

低温驯化对南方小花蝽冷藏的影响

为探讨低温驯化对南方小花蝽雌成虫冷藏的影响,在室内15℃下饲养7 d作为低温驯化处理,研究了驯化后与未驯化的南方小花蝽雌成虫分别在4、6和10℃下冷藏其寿命、存活率和致死中时间（LT₅₀）的异同。结果表明,无论是否进行低温驯化,南方小花蝽雌成虫的寿命都显著大于对照（25℃下饲养）。在10℃冷藏条件下,是否经过低温驯化对南方小花蝽雌成虫寿命没有明显影响,但在4℃和6℃条件下,低温驯化能明显延长雌成虫的寿命,分别延长了80.7%和83.7%。南方小花蝽雌成虫存活率均随冷藏时间的延长而下降,在同一低温冷藏温度下经低温驯化处理的南方小花蝽存活率比未驯化的高。经低温驯化的南方小花蝽雌成虫在4、6和10℃冷藏时,其LT₅₀分别比未经驯化的延长了30.0%、57.8%和40.4%。以上结果表明南方小花蝽的寿命具有可塑性,低温驯化有利于南方小花蝽的冷藏,6℃可作为南方小花蝽长期储藏的温度。     

Experimental studies on cold survival of enchytraeid cocoons

The effect of different culture methods, cold acclimation and desiccation on the supercooling point (SCP), the melting point (MP) of fluids and the quantity of water freezing (osmotically active water) was investigated in individual cocoons of Enchytraeus crypticus and an undescribed Enchytraeus species using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Both species can be easily cultured in the laboratory in agar where the development and hatching of the worms can be observed. Culture methods (agar with nettle leaves or oats as food and wet filter paper without food supply) had a significant effect on fresh weight and SCP of E. crypticus cocoons. The water content (as a proportion of fresh weight) was slightly lower in the cocoons from the wet filter paper cultures. Acclimation at —3 °C did not affect the supercooling ability of E. crypticus cocoons, whereas the SCP of E. sp.1 cocoons was lowered from a mean of —8.7 to —12.4 °C. The supercooling ability of cocoons of E. crypticus was only slightly increased by desiccation and cold acclimation, but the quantity of frozen water was significantly reduced with acclimation and desiccation (2 and 3 min) at room temperature. The MP values of the cocoon fluids reflected these changes in both species. No cocoons of E. crypticus and E. sp.1 survived desiccation and freezing in our experiments and no worms of Enchytraeus albidus, E. crypticus and Henlea perpusilla survived freezing to —10 or —20 °C.     

Impact of waterlogging and temperature on autumn growth,hardening and freezing tolerance of timothy (Phleum pratense)

Precipitation has generally increased in Norway during the last century, and climate projections indicate a further increase. The growing season has also become longer with higher temperatures, particularly in autumn. Previous studies have shown negative effects of high temperatures and, depending upon temperature conditions, contrasting effects of waterlogging on hardening capacity of timothy. We studied effects of waterlogging on seedlings of timothy (Phleum pratense, cv. Noreng) under three pre-acclimation temperatures: 3°C, 7°C, 12°C, and in autumn natural light in a phytotron at Holt, Tromsø (69°N). After temperature treatments, all plants were cold acclimated at 2°C for three weeks under continued waterlogging treatments. Freezing tolerance was determined by intact plants being frozen in pots at incremental temperature decreases in a programmable freezer. Waterlogging resulted in a higher probability of death after freezing, and a significantly reduced regrowth after three weeks at 18°C, 24 hrs light in a greenhouse. Increasing pre-acclimation temperatures also had a clear negative effect on freezing tolerance, but there was no interaction between temperatures and waterlogging. The results indicate that waterlogging may have negative implications for hardening of timothy and may contribute to reduced winter survival under the projected increase in autumn temperatures and precipitation.     

冷适应对大鼠仔鼠和雏鸡某些内分泌腺和激素水平的影响

以20只健康Wistar大鼠仔鼠和30只罗曼雏鸡为试验对象，研究冷适应对大鼠仔鼠和雏鸡某些内分泌腺和激素水平的影响。冷适应组大鼠肾上腺皮质束状带宽度和肾上腺皮质束状带的细胞数目极显著和显著（P＜0、05）地高于常温对照组，60日龄仔鼠在冷暴露72小时后，冷适应组T3和皮质醇明显升高，T3比常温组提高19．％，皮质醇比常温组提高37．17％而GH、T4及Ins变化不明显。冷适应组雏鸡肾上腺肾间组织面积和肾间组织细胞数分别比常温组提高26．05％和3．25％，垂体嗜酸性细胞和嗜碱性细胞数目分别比常温组提高12．98％和8．59％。雏鸡在35日龄试验结束时，冷适应组T3，T4和胰岛素分别较常温组抵63．85％、44．22％31．85（P＜0．05），而皮质醇比常温组提高90．37％。     

毛白杨抗冻性低温诱导过程中糖的效应(英文)

在低温锻炼和结合蔗糖处理的低温锻炼下 ,对毛白杨 (Populustomentosa)幼苗枝条和叶片的可溶性糖含量 ,以及幼苗存活率和抗冻性分别进行了测定 .结果表明 ,低温锻炼明显提高了幼苗枝条和叶片的可溶性糖含量 ,同时也提高了幼苗的存活率和抗冻性 .2 0 %蔗糖处理对上述低温锻炼的作用有加强的效果 .进一步分析发现 ,无论是单纯的低温锻炼还是结合蔗糖预处理的低温锻炼 ,幼苗枝条中可溶性糖含量的提高程度均较叶片明显 ,而且它们的含量增加与幼苗抗冻性的提高密切相关 .这表明低温锻炼所引起的可溶性糖积累可能参与了幼苗抗冻性的诱导