华北落叶松边材透水性与叶面积空间分布的相关性的探讨

对华北落叶松林单木累积叶面积、树干边材面积、树干边材透水率及透水量的垂直分布规律及其相互关系进行了探讨。研究表明，引入树干边材面积与边材透水率的积可明显提高估测树冠叶面积垂直分布的精度，进而为精确估测林分的叶面积空间分布提供了新途径。     

醋酸水溶液处理对杉树材影响

为了研究醋酸水溶液处理给杉树材重量带来的变化,使用醋酸水溶液对杉树材进行了处理。结果发现处理后杉树材重量的减小量大约等于抽出物的重量,而且随着醋酸水溶液浓度的增加而增加。利用傅立叶变换红外光谱法对处理后的杉树材及抽出物进行了光谱分析。从处理后杉树材的光谱图可以观察到3400cm-1附近的OH伸缩振动及1510cm-1附近的木质素中苯环C=C伸缩振动的吸收强度有增加倾向。从醋酸水溶液抽出物光谱图可以发现用浓度30%醋酸水溶液处理时木质素被溶出。图2表2参6。     

基于管道模型理论的树形结构分析

依据长白落叶松生物量标准地的调查数据,研究发现,在树冠以下,不同部位树干的断面积生长量基本相同;心材的形成(按颜色的不同区分)在同一年轮内是由上向下的渐变过程。在树冠内,树干边材断面积生长量与其上部的枝条边材断面积生长量大致相等。但这一关系受到树木直立及叶片空间伸展的静力学需求的制约,即树形结构是树木生理需求和力学需求的统一。     

两种木腐菌对杉木心边材的选择性分解1）

以我国特有较耐腐树种杉木为研究对象,利用彩绒革盖菌（ Coriolus versicolor （ L．） Quél）和密粘褶菌（ Gloeophyllum trabeum （ Pers．） Murrill）分别对抽提前后杉木心边材侵染1个月。结果表明：密粘褶菌对杉木木材半纤维素的分解能力要强于彩绒革盖菌,彩绒革盖菌稍具分解木质素和纤维素的能力,而密粘褶菌对木质素和纤维素的分解能力不明显。苯醇抽提处理降低了彩绒革盖菌对木质素和纤维素的分解能力,提高了彩绒革盖菌对综纤维素和半纤维素的分解能力,降低了密粘褶菌对综纤维素和半纤维素的分解能力。杉木木材经两种木腐菌处理1个月后,其纤维形态无显著变化。     

The influence of heartwood on the pulping properties of Acacia melanoxylon wood

The pulping wood quality of Acacia melanoxylon was evaluated in relation to the presence of heartwood. The sapwood and heartwood from 20 trees from four sites in Portugal were evaluated separately at 5% stem height level in terms of chemical composition and kraft pulping aptitude. Heartwood had more extractives than sapwood ranging from 7.4% to 9.5% and from 4.0% to 4.2%, respectively, and with a heartwood-to-sapwood ratio for extractives ranging from 1.9 to 2.3. The major component of heartwood extractives was made up of ethanol-soluble compounds (70% of total extractives). Lignin content was similar in sapwood and heartwood (21.5% and 20.7%, respectively) as well as the sugar composition. Site did not influence the chemical composition. Pulping heartwood differed from sapwood in chemical and optical terms: lower values of pulp yield (53% vs 56% respectively), higher kappa number (11 vs. 7), and lower brightness (28% vs 49%). Acacia melanoxylon wood showed an overall good pulping aptitude, but the presence of heartwood should be taken into account because it decreases the raw-material quality for pulping. Heartwood content should therefore be considered as a quality variable when using A. melanoxylon wood in pulp industries     

Changes in the physical and chemical properties of six Japanese softwoods caused by lengthy smoke-heating treatment

The effects of prolonged smoke-heating treatments on wood quality were investigated. Six Japanese softwoods were smoke-heated for 100 and 200h at a temperature of 75° ± 5°C, which was recorded inside the log. After smoke heating, wood quality, including moisture content, amounts of chemical components, relative degree of crystallinity (RDC) of cellulose, and sapwood color were examined. Moisture content decreased as a result of smoke heating, especially in sapwood, leading to a uniform distribution of moisture content within a log. Almost no difference was found in the amounts of chemical components between the control woods and the woods that were smoke-heated for 100h. However, in the wood that was smoke-heated for 200h, the amounts of holocellulose decreased, suggesting that thermal deterioration and/or degradation of hemicelluloses had occurred. We assume that the increase in RDC was caused by smoke heating with the crystallization of cellulose and/or thermal degradation of hemicelluloses. Almost no differences were found in sapwood color between the control woods and the woods that were smoke-heated for 100h. In the wood that was smoke-heated for 200h, however, L*decreased, whereas a* and b* increased. As a result, E*ab, showing the total color change, increased, resulting in a deeper color. These results suggest that thermal degradation of hemicelluloses was caused by smoke heating for over 100h. Therefore, smoke heating of softwood logs using a commercial-scale kiln should not exceed 100h.     

美国花旗松心材与边材化学组成、结构及纤维性质1）

以美国花旗松心材与边材为研究对象,分析比较它们的化学组成、结构和纤维性质的差异。结果表明：美国花旗松心材的热水抽提物、冷水抽提物、1％NaOH抽提物、苯醇抽提物的质量分数分别高出边材1．82％、3．10％、1．30％、2．88％。心材与边材的克拉森（Klason）木质素质量分数分别为26．54％和26．10％,综纤维素质量分数分别为71．11％和75．17％,α纤维素质量分数分别为46．78％和50．32％,半纤维素质量分数分别为24．33％和24．85％,聚戊糖质量分数分别为8．97％和8．51％。美国花旗松心材与边材纤维素、木质素和半纤维素红外光谱特征峰的变化与化学方法测定结果一致,心材与边材纤维的平均长度分别为2863、3463μm,长宽比分别为153和210,壁腔比分别为0．46和0．78,结晶度分别为51．48％和50．35％。综合来看,美国花旗松是制浆造纸和纤维板生产的良好原料。     

Combined application of computer tomography and light microscopy for analysis of conductive xylem area in coarse roots of European beech and Norway spruce

Axial water transport in trees is mainly determined by the gradient of negative water pressure and the structure of conductive xylem elements (i.e. conduits) connecting the fine roots with the foliage. There is still an essential lack of knowledge concerning the relationship between wood structure and hydraulic properties, especially of coarse roots. To this end, the study aimed (1) to work out a novel approach, based on the combination of computer tomography (CT) and light microscopy (LM), for determining the cumulative cross-sectional lumen area of conduits involved in the water transport of coarse roots in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) and (2) to demonstrate its adequacy in quantifying the functional relationship between sapwood anatomy and ascending water mass flow in the xylem. The cross-sectional sapwood area of coarse roots was assessed through CT. The cumulative cross-sectional lumen area of conduits in the sapwood (i.e. the lumen area of conductive conduits) was measured by LM in combination with interactive image analysis. The new approach was developed with coarse roots of both the tree species growing in a 60-year-old mixed forest in Bavaria, Germany. The combination of the two methods unveiled spruce to possess a distinct sapwood/heartwood boundary in small-diameter roots, whereas such roots of beech reflected a gradual transition zone; only large-diameter roots displayed a distinct boundary in beech. Additionally, the cumulative lumen area of conductive conduits was found to be approximately 12% of the total coarse root cross-sectional area in both the tree species. The new approach of measuring the conductive lumen area of coarse-root conduits yielded levels of specific sap flow (i.e. axial conductivity) that substantially differed from those derived from commonly applied methods, which were based on sap flow per unit of total cross-sectional root area or xylem cross-sectional area of individual roots. The combination of CT and LM will facilitate functional comparisons of woody roots differing in diameter and of tree species of different anatomical xylem structure.     

Effect of wide spacing on tree growth, branch and sapwood properties of young Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] in south-western Germany

The influence of stand density on Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] is conceptually understood, but for wide spacings not well quantified, particularly in Europe. This study used 41 trees from 7 different locations in south-western Germany to compare important tree- and branch-level attributes across three different densities, namely 100, 200, and 1,200 stems ha⁻¹. In general, there were only a few tree and branch attributes that were significantly different between the 100 and 200 ha⁻¹ densities. Crown projection area and diameter of the thickest branches were the most important differences between the 100 and 200 ha⁻¹ densities. The most obvious and significant differences in this study were between 100 and 1,200 ha⁻¹ densities, where nearly every examined tree and branch attributes were statistically significant. However, relative sapwood area, the number of branches, branch angle, and the occurrence of spike knots were insensitive to stand density. Although the two lowest stand densities in this study represent rather extremely wide spacings, these results still have important implications for the development of effective thinning regimes for Douglas-fir in south-western Germany. Important management recommendations from this study include thinned stands should be maintained to at least 200 stems ha⁻¹ to maintain high log quality and stand stability. Furthermore, even at stand densities exceeding more than 1,200 trees ha⁻¹ planted trees, artificial pruning may even be necessary to produce high quality logs.     

马占相思边材染色渗透深度影响因素初探

通过多因素正交试验,对影响马占相思边材染色渗透深度的因素进行初步研究.结果表明,在常温、常压和染液质量浓度一致的条件下,影响马占相思边材染色渗透深度的主次因素分别为渗透剂用量、染色温度、染液pH值和染色时间;在本试验条件下,马占相思边材染色达到最大渗透深度的最佳方案为:渗透剂用量8%,染液温度90℃,染液pH值为4,染色时间180min.