Molecular phylogeny in Indian Citrus L. (Rutaceae) inferred through PCR-RFLP and trnL-trnF sequence data of chloroplast DNA

The taxonomy and phylogeny of Indian Citrus is revisited using PCR-RFLP of the trnD-trnT and rbcL-ORF 106 regions as well as sequence data analysis of the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer region of cpDNA. The study was based on 50 accessions of Citrus genotypes, collected from wild, semi-wild and domesticated stocks. Of the 13 restriction enzymes (RE) used for restriction digestion of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons, four (Hinf I, Msp I, Alu I, Hae III) generated 47 restriction fragments, of which 24 (51%) were polymorphic. PCR-RFLP data showed a genetic distance ranging from 0 to 0.79 among 50 accessions of Citrus, and a cluster analysis, based on Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method, placed all the accessions in eight major clusters. Analysis of trnL-trnF sequences from 23 representative accessions of Citrus showed a pair-wise sequence divergence rate in the range of 0–0.064. NJ, minimum evolution (ME) and maximum parsimony (MP) analyses of trnL-trnF sequences produced phylogenetic trees, which placed all the 23 accessions in five clusters. PCR-RFLP analysis resulted in a well resolved phylogenetic tree with branches supported by moderate to high bootstrap values, while the trnL-trnF sequence-based trees showed only moderate to low bootstrap support for the internal tree branches, indicating uncertain origin of some Citrus genotypes. This study shows that the trnL-trnF spacer sequence data can detect genetic variation in Indian Citrus genotypes, but the utility of the data in inferring phylogeny at intra and inter-specific levels is limited probably by factors such as hybridization, bud mutations, apomixis and polyploidy. However, PCR-RFLP and trnL-trnF data supported the recognition of C. maxima, C. medica, and C. reticulata as the basal species of edible Citrus.     

潮汕地区芸香科药用植物资源调查

介绍了潮汕地区芸香科药用植物资源的调查结果,记录到该地区芸香科药用植物资源共有13属、30种（含变种）,分析了部分芸香科药用植物的利用价值,并提出开发利用的建议：     

7种芸香科种子的发芽试验

试验表明芸香科种子不耐贮藏；除枳壳种子在30℃下萌发最佳外，金桔、红桔、芦柑、甜橙、九里香及花椒均以20～30℃变温为最适萌发温度；花椒种子存在休眠现象，冷湿处理及外源GA可解除休眠促进萌发；在金桔及红桔种子中发现有白化苗。     

单面针茎中苯丙素类化学成分研究

目的对单面针茎的化学成分进行研究。方法采用硅胶柱色谱及重结晶等方法进行成分分离,并利用1H-NMR、13C-NMR、2D-NMR等波谱学技术和理化性质鉴定其化学结构。结果从单面针茎乙醇提取物中分离得到6个化合物,分别鉴定为β-谷甾醇(β-sitosterol,1)、香兰醛(vanillin,2)、表芝麻脂素(episesamin,3)、柄果脂素Ⅱ[(-)plu-viatilol-γ,γ-dimethyallyl ether,4]、辛夷脂素(fargesin,5)、[(-)eudesmin 6]。结论化合物2~6均为首次从单面针茎中分离得到。     

Antibacterial carbazole alkaloids from Clausena harmandiana twigs

Three new carbazole alkaloids, harmandianamines A-C (1-3), together with fifteen known compounds (4-18) were isolated from the twigs of Clausena harmandiana. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including UV, IR, NMR, and MS. The antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli TISTR 780, Salmonella typhimurium TISTR 292, Staphylococcus aureus TISTR 1466 and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) SK1 of some isolated compounds was also evaluated. Compound 6 exhibited significant antibacterial activity against MRSA SK1 with an MIC value of 0.25 μg/mL which higher than that of standard drug, vancomycin (MIC value=1 μg/mL) whereas compounds 14 and 5 showed strong activity with MIC values of 4 and 8 μg/mL, respectively. Only compound 14 showed strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus TISTR 1466 with an MIC value of 4 μg/mL.     

Aroma profiles of the curry leaf, Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. chemotypes: Variability in north India during the year

Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. (Rutaceae) is characterized by a large chemical intraspecific variability among the land races. This fact makes it difficult to detect real changes occurring in their essential oil composition during annual cycle. Based on this, variations of essential oil yield and composition in two chemotypes (‘A’ and ‘B’) of M. koenigii were assessed in spring, summer, rainy, autumn and winter seasons under foot hill conditions of northern India. The essential oil yield ranged from 0.15% to 0.18% in chemotype ‘A’, while it varied from 0.12% to 0.14% in chemotype ‘B’. Essential oils of both chemotypes from different seasons were analysed by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of fifty-eight constituents representing 93.7-98.8% of chemotype ‘A’ and fifty-six constituents forming 96.1-98.7% of the total composition of chemotype ‘B’ were identified. Chemotype ‘A’ was characterized by higher percentages of α-pinene (34.6-41.9%), sabinene (26.1-36.1%), (E)-caryophyllene (2.4-5.4%) and terpinen-4-ol (1.5-5.3%), whereas chemotype ‘B’ was dominated by higher amount of α-pinene (52.7-65.3%), β-pinene (10.7-12.9%), (E)-caryophyllene (3.1-10.3%) and limonene (5.1-7.8%). Comparative results showed considerable variations in the essential oil composition of both chemotypes due to season of collection. Present study concluded that the M. koenigii leaves of desired quality may be obtained by selecting suitable chemotype and season.     

几种芸香科植物花粉形态观察

应用扫描电子显微镜对佛手、代代、柚、柑橘和金橘等芸香科植物花粉进行形态观察。发现这几种植物的花粉在形态、大小、外壁纹饰、网孔等方面均有差异,其中3个佛手品种的花粉具网状纹饰,白衣秀士佛手和青衣童子佛手的网脊连续,而赤金王子佛手的网脊不连续,其他4种芸香科花粉具穴状纹饰,代代和柚的花粉比柑橘和金橘的花粉大,而代代和金橘的花粉表面孔穴密度比柚和柑橘的花粉表面孔穴密度大。这些花粉表面微观形态的差异将为上述品种鉴定提供依据。     

尤溪县野生芸香科植物资源与开发利用

报道了福建省尤溪县野生芸香科植物共有6属14种以及各种类的生活型、花果期、花色与果色、主要用途、生境与分布海拔,分析了该区野生芸香科植物的开发价值与发展对策,为该科植物资源的深入研究与应用提供参考。     

New cytotoxic quinolone alkaloids from fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa

Three new quinolone alkaloids, 1-methyl-2-[7-hydroxy-(E)-9-tridecenyl]-4(1H)-quinolone (1), 1-methyl-2-[(Z)-4-nonenyl]-4(1H)-quinolone (2), 1-methyl-2-[(1E,5Z)-1,5-undecadienyl]-4(1H)-quinolone (3) and one new natural product, 1-methyl-2-[(E)-1-undecenyl]-4(1H)-quinolone (4), were isolated from the dried and nearly ripe fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth., along with thirteen known compounds (5-17). In addition, one new artificial product, 1-methyl-2-[7-carbonyl-(E)-9-tridecenyl]-4(1H)-quinolone (1A) was also obtained. The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic analyses. The cytotoxic activities of all of the compounds against the human cancer cell lines HL-60, N-87, H-460, and Hep G(2) cells were evaluated by MTT assay. The results showed that these alkaloids inhibited cell proliferation with IC(50) values between 14μM and 22μM.     

A new antifungal coumarin from Clausena excavata

A new γ-lactone coumarin, named as excavarin-A, showing antifungal activity was isolated from the leaves of Clausena excavata by bioassay guided fractionation method. The structure was elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis and identified as 7((2E)-4(4,5-dihydro-3-methylene-2-oxo-5-furanyl)-3-methylbut-2-enyloxy) coumarin. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined against fifteen fungal strains pathogenic against plants and human. The least MIC was recorded against the human pathogen, Candida tropicalis and the plant pathogens Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Antifungal activities against the human pathogens, Aspergillus fumigatus and Mucor circinelloides and plant pathogens, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizopus stolonifer were stronger than that of the standard antimicrobials.