苹果矮化砧木‘辽砧2号’选育

从1135系的助列涅特与M9杂交实生苗中选出优良苹果矮化砧木—辽砧2号(原代号80-1-6),经过22年田间观查和区试鉴定,其矮化性、早果性、丰产性、生根性与M26相近,适应性强于M26,以其为中间砧的富士树栽后6年进入盛果期,平均株产为23.5kg,同龄M26为17.2kg;8年生树冠积为4.07m3,同龄M26为4.58m3,树体存活率较M26高55%,平均每666.7m2产量1000kg以上;与基砧山定子和生产上主栽的富士系、元帅系、国光系等品种亲和性良好,以自根砧和中间砧方式利用均可。     

普通钢架大棚甜瓜嫁接砧木品种筛选试验

在普通钢架大棚内,以实生苗为对照,对引进的5个甜瓜砧木品种进行甜瓜嫁接比较试验。试验结果表明,5个砧木品种嫁接苗成活率均在90%以上,其植株和瓜的生长特性、产量和品质均没有显著差异,与实生苗之间亦无显著差异,综合性状表现较好的砧木品种为日本青秀和亮丽王。     

Pre-breeding for resistance to Verticillium wilt in olive: Fishing in the wild relative gene pool

This study aimed to identify new sources of resistance to Verticillium wilt in olive. We evaluated various types of genotypes: wild olive trees (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris), genotypes belonging to related subspecie (Olea europaea subsp. guanchica) and genotypes coming from crosses between Picual cultivar and wild olive trees. Fifty-six genotypes were inoculated by dipping roots and then screened under controlled conditions to test their resistance to a highly virulent Defoliating isolate of Verticillium dahliae. Picual (susceptible) and Frantoio (resistant) were control cultivars. Wide variability and significant differences were obtained in the evaluated disease parameters. The Relative Susceptibility Index (RSI), summarizing the disease parameters, was used for final classification of genotypes. Thirteen genotypes were categorized as resistant: eight wild olives from different locations, two genotypes belonging to subsp. guanchica populations from Canary Islands and three genotypes obtained from one of the crosses Picual x wild. The identification of high levels of resistance to V. dahliae among wild olive genotypes may be helpful for the management of this disease. The resistant genotypes could be used as rootstocks for susceptible olive cultivars or parents in future breeding programs.     

云南梨砧木资源简述

本文对云南梨的砧木作了系统归纳,包括梨属的川梨、砂梨、滇梨、杜梨、豆梨与 异属的榅桲、牛筋条等,介绍了其植物学特性以及相关砧木在云南省内的研究利用情况,分析了存在的问题,并就砧木对产业发展的制约提出了解决思路。     

月季砧木的筛选研究

[目的]选出亲和力强、易繁殖、适应北方寒冷地区应用的月季砧木。【方法】研究3种蔷薇砧木和10个月季品种的嫁接成活率。【结果】月季品种间和蔷薇砧木间差异都显著,月季品种和蔷薇砧木是影响月季嫁接成活的关键因素。月季×蔷薇间的互作差异不显著,月季×蔷薇间没有最优组合．Natebelay蔷薇扦插成活率较高,嫁接亲和性最强,无刺野蔷薇具有抗寒、抗病强等优点。【结论】Natebelay蔷薇应作为月季砧木首选,无刺野蔷薇可作为北方寒冷地区月季砧木     

Soil fumigation and compost amendment alter soil microbial community composition but do not improve tree growth or yield in an apple replant site

Apple replant disease (ARD) is a disease complex that reduces survival, growth and yield of replanted trees, and is often encountered in establishing new orchards on old sites. Methyl bromide (MB) has been the fumigant used most widely to control ARD, but alternatives to MB and cultural methods of control are needed. In this experiment, we evaluated the response of soil microbial communities and tree growth and yield to three pre-plant soil treatments (compost amendment, soil treatment with a broad-spectrum fumigant, and untreated controls), and use of five clonal rootstock genotypes (M.7, M.26, CG.6210, G.30 and G.16), in an apple replant site in Ithaca, New York. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)—denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis was used to assess changes in the community composition of bacteria and fungi in the bulk soil 8, 10, 18 and 22 months after trees were replanted. PCR-DGGE was also used to compare the community composition of bacteria, fungi and pseudomonads in untreated rhizosphere soil of the five rootstock genotypes 31 months after planting. Tree caliper and extension growth were measured annually in November from 2002 to 2004. Apple yield data were recorded in 2004, the first fruiting year after planting. Trees on CG.6210 rootstocks had the most growth and highest yield, while trees on M.26 rootstocks had the least growth and lowest yield. Tree growth and yield were not affected by pre-plant soil treatment except for lateral extension growth, which was longer in trees growing in compost-treated soil in 2003 as compared to those in the fumigation treatment. Bulk soil bacterial PCR-DGGE fingerprints differed strongly among the different soil treatments 1 year after their application, with the fingerprints derived from each pre-plant soil treatment clustering separately in a hierarchical cluster analysis. However, the differences in bacterial communities between the soil treatments diminished during the second year after planting. Soil fungal communities converged more rapidly than bacterial communities, with no discernable pattern related to pre-plant soil treatments 10 months after replanting. Changes in bulk soil bacterial and fungal communities in response to soil treatments had no obvious correlation with tree performance. On the other hand, rootstock genotypes modified their rhizosphere environments which differed significantly in their bacterial, pseudomonad, fungal and oomycete communities. Cluster analysis of PCR-DGGE fingerprints of fungal and pseudomonad rhizosphere community DNA revealed two distinct clusters. For both analyses, soil sampled from the rhizosphere of the two higher yielding rootstock genotypes clustered together, while the lower yielding rootstock genotypes also clustered together. These results suggest that the fungal and pseudomonad communities that have developed in the rhizosphere of the different rootstock genotypes may be one factor influencing tree growth and yield at this apple replant site.     

樱桃番茄抗青枯病砧木新品种海茄砧1 号的选育

海茄砧1 号是以野生茄子自交系HZ09-5 为母本,以从越南引进的茄子品种自交系HZ10-2 为父本育成的高抗青枯 病樱桃番茄砧木品种。植株生长势较强,第1 雌花节位约为第7 节,花为紫色,果实卵圆形,青熟果淡绿紫色或淡绿色,果 萼绿色,果长7～9 cm,果宽4～6 cm,单果质量为50～60 g,种子千粒重为3.2 g 左右,种皮浅黄色,高抗青枯病。海茄砧 1 号与樱桃番茄的嫁接亲和性好,共生性强,嫁接苗成活率高。嫁接后的樱桃番茄果萼开展,果面有光泽,可明显改善果实 VC、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量等品质,提高产量。适宜华南地区樱桃番茄的嫁接栽培。     

豆梨和杜梨砧木根系中多胺代谢与高温胁迫的关系研究

[目的]探讨豆梨(Pyrus calleryana Dcne)和杜梨(P.betulaefolia Bunge)砧木根系中多胺代谢与其耐高温胁迫的关系,对维持根系正常代谢具有重要意义。[方法]以豆梨和杜梨实生苗为试材,比较了45℃处理下2种砧木叶片落叶率的变化,以及在30和45℃下供试材料根系内源多胺种类、形态和含量变化。[结果]豆梨达到65%落叶率的时间比杜梨早8 d;2种砧木根系中均存在游离态和结合态腐胺、己二胺、亚精胺和精胺4种内源多胺;高温胁迫导致2种供试材料的游离态和结合态腐胺、亚精胺及精胺的含量均升高,其中杜梨根系中游离态腐胺、亚精胺和精胺含量,以及结合态精胺含量显著高于豆梨。[结论]多胺代谢变化与供试材料的耐高温胁迫能力有密切关系。     

葡萄砧木实生种子萌发与幼苗生长情况研究

为研究不同葡萄砧木品种实生种子的萌发和幼苗生长情况,以101-14、188-08、5BB、5A、山河2号、山河4号和Dogridge共计7个葡萄砧木品种（涉及4个亲本组合）的实生种子为试材,对种子萌芽势和萌芽率以及1a生植株基茎粗度和枝条成熟度等生长量指标进行了调查。结果表明：不同葡萄砧木品种实生种子的萌芽率与其亲本组合有一定关系。以亲本组合来看,种子萌芽高峰期出现顺序为山葡萄×河岸葡萄＞冬葡萄×河岸葡萄＞河岸葡萄×沙地葡萄＞香槟尼葡萄;种子萌芽势顺序为河岸葡萄×沙地葡萄＞冬葡萄×河岸葡萄＞山葡萄×河岸葡萄＞香槟尼葡萄;河岸葡萄×沙地葡萄组合的种子萌芽率最高,冬葡萄×河岸葡萄组合和香槟尼葡萄居中,山葡萄×河岸葡萄组合的种子萌芽率较低;冬葡萄×河岸葡萄组合的葡萄砧木实生苗长势较强。本研究可为葡萄砧木实生育种提供理论依据。     

黄瓜种子萌芽期及嫁接砧木幼苗期耐盐力评价

【目的】进行黄瓜不同基因型和嫁接砧木耐盐性的筛选。【方法】对20个黄瓜品种种子萌发期和22个嫁接砧木幼苗期的耐盐力进行鉴定，对黄瓜种子相对发芽势、相对发芽率、相对发芽指数等耐盐力指标和嫁接砧木的盐害指数进行聚类分析。【结果】20个黄瓜品种中，早多佳、华早2号、中农8号、津育1号、津优3号为耐盐力强的黄瓜品种，津冠1号、许优1号 、津春5号、津春4号、东方明珠、湘早3号、特早1号、津优1号为中等耐盐黄瓜品种，白皮黄瓜、宁丰8号、美农4号、津春3号、津杂4号、津杂2号、津春2号为耐盐力弱的黄瓜品种；22个嫁接砧木中，可分为二大类，其中，春白玉西葫芦、早青一代西葫芦、铁将军F1南瓜、极早秀玉西葫芦为耐盐力弱的品种，其它为耐盐力强的品种。耐盐力强的砧木品种可分为3个亚类，孝感瓠瓜、同心瓠瓜、汉龙碧玉瓠瓜、超丰8848瓠瓜耐盐力很强，黑籽南瓜耐盐力强，其它13个品种耐盐力较强。【结论】黄瓜不同基因型和嫁接砧木的耐盐性具有较大差异，在黄瓜种子萌发期和嫁接砧木苗期可对其耐盐性进行快速鉴定。