An analysis of structure of tree seedling populations on a Lahar

The structure of a tree seedling population is dependent on the interaction of several processes including seed dispersal, germination, survival, and competition on a physical landscape. Structural components (composition, size distributions, spatial distributions, age distributions, density, and history) of a tree seedling population on the Muddy River Lahar on the east side of Mount St. Helens were examined over a range of extents (1/10 m to 1000 m). Many of these component have rarely been examined at the larger extents listed here. Composition reflected distances to seed source and seed morphology. Seedling sizes are inversely proportional to depth to a buried soil if one existed. Spatial patterns indicated that seedling are clustered for tree seedlings less than 200 m apart, random for tree seedling from 200 m to 400 m and uniform for seedling greater than 400 m apart. This was confirmed by two measures of multidimensional spatial point pattern. Age distributions did not reflect the size distributions; old seedlings could be almost any size, young seedlings were constrained to be small in size. Densities appear to be typical for forests in the area. History of disturbance events (the lahar establishment, and successive ash, pumice, and erosion) has strongly influenced this tree seedling community.     

丹阳市农村居民点空间分布尺度特征及影响因素分析

江苏省丹阳市即将实施统筹城乡发展改革试点项目,如何加快农村居民点土地整理是项目面临的一个难题。该研究以丹阳市2010年土地利用现状调查数据库为基础,采用Ripley’s K函数分析方法,分析了农村居民点空间分布尺度特征,研究了公路、河流、农村道路等交通因素对农村居民点分布的影响程度。结果表明:丹阳市各镇农村居民点在镇级尺度呈现均匀、随机和聚集3种分布模式,在村级尺度呈现聚集和均匀2种分布模式。公路、河流、农村道路等交通线路两侧农村居民点用地比例为平均用地比例的2～3倍。交通线路两侧农村居民点用地比例距离系数的大小与农村居民点的空间分布相关,在更小的尺度范围内,公路、河流和农村道路对农村居民点空间分布影响程度不同。该研究为丹阳市农村居民点土地整理的实施提供重要参考。     

长白山自然保护区红松阔叶林空间格局研究

应用Ripley’sk(t)函数对长白山红松阔叶林空间格局进行分析.结果表明:蒙古栎、色木槭在所有研究尺度上分别呈完全随机分布和聚集分布;红松、水曲柳分别在0~13m及4~12m尺度范围上出现聚集分布;紫椴则在0~41m尺度范围上呈现聚集格局.紫椴、色木槭随着种群发育,聚集尺度范围及聚集规模逐渐减小.紫椴不同生长阶段间在小尺度上呈现空间正相关(最大尺度不超过3m);色木槭幼树与中树在11~12m尺度范围呈现空间正相关,而幼树与大树在4~6m尺度范围出现空间负相关.红松与紫椴(3~8m、38~50m)、色木槭(3~18m、46~50m)在小尺度以及较大尺度上呈空间正相关,与蒙古栎在大尺度(48~50m)上呈空间正相关;蒙古栎与水曲柳(2~3m、10~14m)、色木槭(3~4m)在小尺度上呈空间正相关;色木槭与紫椴则在中等尺度上(11~36m)呈空间正相关.     

树木位置空间模式建模与预测(英文)

传统的林分生长与收获模型不能为林分和生态系统管理提供准确的空间信息。采用3种配对势函数的Gibbs点过程模型对美国东北部50块云冷杉样地里树木的空间分布模式进行模拟。该Gibbs模型能够较好地模拟这50块样地中的82%～84%,但其对完全随机分布和规则分布的样地模拟比对聚集分布的样地模拟效果要好。使用常用的林分变量如林分密度、公顷断面积、林分平均胸径、平均树高、平均冠幅和冠长建立经验回归模型对Gibbs模型的2个参数进行预测。结果表明这些回归模型对81%的样地可以得到满意的模拟效果,其中,100%的完全随机分布样地、71%的规则分布样地和56%的聚集分布样地模拟效果较好。选择3块样地对树木的模拟空间位置和实际观测位置的相似性进行对比和说明。     

长白山森林次生演替过程中林木空间格局研究

本文运用空间点格局分析方法分析长白山过伐林区各个森林演替阶段的先锋树种、顶级树种和其他树种的空间格局和空间关联性。结果表明:1)从杨桦次生林、云冷杉过伐林到云冷杉针阔混交近原始林演替过程中,林分整体空间分布格局由聚集过渡为随机分布,先锋树种早期呈聚集分布状态,到了演替后期呈随机分布;其他树种在总体上都是小尺度上为聚集分布,而大尺度上是随机分布;顶级乡土树种云冷杉、红松在12m的尺度时向着均匀分布方向发展;2)次生演替过程中先锋树种和顶级树种种间关系由先期的负关联变为正关联,树种之间共同利用资源;杨桦次生林中先锋树种杨桦和其他伴生树种之间在所有尺度下均呈负关联,到15m尺度时关联显著;顶级树种与其他树种二者在所有尺度上都呈正关联。因此,分析种内或种间关联时,不同尺度有着明显多样的格局。     

长白山北坡椴树红松林空间分布及其空间关联

以长白山5.2 hm2椴树红松林固定监测样地为基础,研究优势种红松与紫椴的径级结构,运用Ripley's K函数探讨红松和紫椴不同生长阶段个体的空间分布格及其空间关系。结果表明:①红松和紫椴的径级结构均呈单峰分布,幼树数量较少。②红松和紫椴种群在空间上呈聚集分布,红松和紫椴幼树主要表现为随机分布,小树和大树主要表现为聚集分布,但大树的聚集强度小于小树。③红松小树与大树在1 m的空间尺度上呈显著正相关;紫椴幼树与小树、幼树与大树在较小的空间尺度上呈显著正相关;红松小树与紫椴大树、紫椴小树与红松大树在局部空间尺度上呈显著正相关。      

Forest structure in space: a case study of an old growth spruce-fir forest in Changbaishan Natural Reserve, PR China

Ecologists and foresters are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of spatial information in ecosystem analysis and resource management. An across-scale analysis of forest structure was conducted to characterize the spatial characteristics of a 2 ha spruce-fir forest located inside Changbaishan Natural Reserve (CNR), PR China. The study was designed to develop an approach for assessment of within-stand heterogeneity to increase understanding of the effects of heterogeneity on pattern–process relationships in forests. Univariate and bivariate Ripley's K functions were employed to capture stand heterogeneity in terms of intra- and inter-specific point patterns of tree distributions. Stem-mapped crowns were generated and analyzed as canopy patches within a geographic information system (GIS) to quantify patterns within the strata of the forest canopy. The dominant spruces were randomly distributed within each height class but aggregated when all height classes were analyzed. In addition, spruces had repulsive patterns to other species which exhibited clear aggregation. Canopy heterogeneity, both in terms of composition and spatial patterning, were complex – as expressed within canopy layers and among individual forest species. This across-scale complexity supports a multivariate spatial and across-scale approach to characterizing forest structure, and argues for linked pattern-process experiments. We suggest that joint field and simulation studies be conducted which relate changes in forest stand dynamics to changes in stand heterogeneity. These linked studies are needed to provide a measure of ecological significance relative to statistical significance of patterns.     

呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松空间格局对地表火干扰的响应

利用全林木定位方法,对地表火干扰后樟子松林的残桩、倒木、枯立木和活立木等各林木组分进行了调查。Ripley’s K函数分析表明,地表火干扰后12年内樟子松的空间格局均表现为显著的均匀分布,且不同阶段樟子松均匀分布显著的尺度范围的变化幅度较小。地表火驱动的林分稀疏过程中,残桩和枯立木均表现出显著的聚集分布,而倒木的空间分布格局则是随机的。双变量分析也表明,活立木与残桩、全部死亡林木之间相互排斥显著,而活立木与倒木、枯立木间则是相互独立的。短期内,地表火成为樟子松空间格局变化的主要驱动力;随着时间的推移,这种作用会逐渐衰减并为其他因素所代替。因此,地表火改善了林分结构,使樟子松的空间格局更趋于均匀,有利于存活林木的生长发育,并加快林分向成熟林演变的进程。      

民勤绿洲外围不同立地类型黑果枸杞种群分布格局

通过测定石羊河下游民勤绿洲外围4个不同立地类型黑果枸杞群落植被特征和黑果枸杞株数、株高、冠幅等生物学特征,以及黑果枸杞分布格局的点坐标,采用空间点格局分析方法中的Ripley’s K函数,分析了民勤绿洲外围不同立地类型上黑果枸杞空间分布格局。结果表明:(1)4个不同立地类型中植被物种数为:砾石地﹥盐碱地﹥固定或半固定沙丘地、覆沙地,植物群落结构比较简单,存在多个科单属单种现象。(2)黑果枸杞株数在盐碱地中最多,覆沙地次之,固定或半固定沙丘地和砾石地中最少;而平均株高由高到低依次是固定或半固定沙丘地、盐碱地、覆沙地、砾石地;平均冠幅分布与平均株高类似。(3)在4个样地中,固定或半固定沙丘地和砾石地中的黑果枸杞呈现聚集分布;覆沙地中,黑果枸杞在较小尺度(0.2~0.5 m)呈现聚集分布,在较大尺度(1.5~2.5 m)呈现随机分布;盐碱地中,黑果枸杞种群表现为完全的随机分布。     

Population structure of Carapa guianensis in two forest types in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon

Carapa guianensis Aublet. is a tropical tree with strong multiple-use characteristics, and is valued for both the high quality oil extracted from its seeds and as a timber resource. This study compares the population structure of this economically important rainforest tree in two contrasting forest types: occasionally inundated and terra firme forests. Main study objectives were (a) to assess the density, spatial distribution, and size class structure of C. guianensis in these two forest types and (b) to use patterns of abundance, distribution and demographic structure to help infer key demographic stages or ecological variables that merit special focus for management. Four 400 m × 400 m plots, two in each forest type, were established to determine distribution and density patterns of C. guianensis ≥10 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) at the landscape level, and 32 10 m × 10 m subplots were randomly nested within each of the larger plots to measure individuals <10 cm dbh. Larger individuals (≥10 cm dbh) were found at higher densities in occasionally inundated forest than in terra firme forest: 25.7 trees ha⁻¹ and 14.6 trees ha⁻¹, respectively. Mean density of C. guianensis individuals <10 cm dbh was also higher in occasionally inundated forests, but variation of regeneration density among the subplots was high. Spatial distribution methods revealed a tendency toward clumping in both forest types, and both had similar size class structures, suggesting that both environments are suitable for C. guianensis. This new finding illustrates the potential for C. guianensis management in terra firme forests. High densities and clumped distributions in both forest types are also indices favorable for sustainable species management. Finally, several ecological variables (tree density and reproductive potential) were sufficiently different between terra firme and occasionally inundated forests to recommend stratification by forest type when conducting further studies on key ecological and management variables of C. guianensis.