干切牛肉冷冻干燥中高速率升华条件的动态研究

该文研究了干切牛肉冷冻干燥中使升华干燥速率最大化所需要的操作条件.通过建立升华过程中冻结物料温度在Ti时冰晶以最大速率升华所允许的升华层厚度δis、升华时间tis及升华所需物料表面温度Tis的计算模型,计算了预冻终温-30、-29、-28、-26、-24、-22℃的冻结物料以最大速率升华所允许的物料厚度分别为18、15、12、8、6 mm时,升华过程中物料含水率、升华所需物料表面温度Tis;进而预测了干切牛肉冷冻干燥升华过程中制品含水率、物料中心温度随时间发生的动态变化及升华所需物料表面温度的动态值.设定干燥室压强为10 Pa,以物料表面温度预测值控制加热搁板温度开展验证实验,结果表明:物料厚度分别为15、12、8、6 mm的干切牛肉在升华干燥过程中预测含水率与实测含水率相对误差±10%,物料中心温度计算值与实测值的绝对误差±5℃,说明所建立的物料表面温度预测模型可用于6、8、12、15 mm 干切牛肉冷冻升华干燥中搁板加热温度的优化控制,比较不同厚度干切牛肉冷冻升华干燥实验的平均升华速率、脱除水分耗能,6mm厚物料在升华干燥中升华速率最大、能耗最低.     

旅游景区环境保护博弈分析

通过建立旅游景区环境保护博弈模型,对一次性博弈和无限次重复博弈的均衡进行分析,揭示旅游景区环境破坏的动因,并提出确保博弈停留在均衡状态的对策。研究发现：游客和经营商在一次性博弈中,不治理环境是经营商的占优策略,结果导致旅游景区环境的破坏。在游客和经营商的无限次重复博弈中,帕累托最优均衡（游客选择旅游,经营商选择治理环境）的实现,依赖于参与方（游客或经营商）对触发策略（旅游或治理环境）的选择。政府对经营商的监管可以强行促使其治理环境,从而改进博弈均衡的效率,实现旅游景区的环境保护和旅游业的可持续发展。     

A Bayesian approach to the accuracy of clinical observations

The accuracy of clinical observations was estimated using Bayesian latent-class models with two or more independent tests. Four veterinarians carried out systematic independent clinical examinations on 155 pigs in three herds. Based on the results of binary recordings of clinical observations on dullness, poor body condition (PBC), skin lesions, lameness, respiratory disease, and diarrhea, a latent disease state for each clinical disease was estimated using Gibbs sampling.

The accuracy of the clinical observations differed for the four observers and for different clinical signs. Population parameters were estimated from a Bayesian hierarchical model, and the accuracy of a random observer was calculated. We concluded that the accuracy of the veterinarians in this study substantiated the need to pursue more-precise definitions of the clinical findings and that larger sample sizes would be needed to provide reasonable variance estimates. Finally, we concluded that the uncertainty in the clinical decision-making process (starting with the clinical examination) needs to be represented fully.     

东北马鹿茸重性状遗传力和重复力的估测

采用同父异母半同胞组内相关法，对乌兰坝林场７只东北马鹿种公鹿７１只后裔，１９９２～１９９７年９锯时四杈茸鲜重遗传力估测结果为０４０，属高遗传力；采用组内相关系数法，对该场７～１１锯１３只东北马鹿种公鹿锯四杈茸鲜重的重复力估测结果为０６９（Ｐ＜００１），属高重复力，为东北马鹿的纯种选育提供了主要性状的遗传参数。     

Canopy cover and groundlayer vegetation dynamics in a fire managed eastern sand savanna

Savanna vegetation is characterized by high and variable ground layer species richness regulated by functional group interactions with fire regimes and canopy cover. Frequent fire selects for C4 grasses and prairie forbs in canopy openings and C3 graminoid species and shade-adapted forbs and shrubs in canopy shade. Frequent fire also maximizes heterogeneity in partial canopy cover and species richness across the full canopy gradient. However, few studies have linked fire induced change in tree canopy cover with groundlayer vegetation dynamics in relation to this model. In 1986 and in 2007, we measured canopy cover and sampled groundlayer vegetation in 1 m² plots along 53 transects at the Tefft Savanna, a fire managed 197 ha eastern sand savanna with strong canopy cover and elevation gradients. We analyzed temporal change in canopy cover and groundlayer vegetation, correlating percent change in canopy cover with change in ground layer functional groups. After 20 years of burning at 3 fires/decade, elevation accounted for 62% of the variation in an NMS ordination of groundlayer vegetation. However, canopy cover, which averaged 24-86% in 2007, had a significant secondary effect on the ordination. Five vegetation types classified by TWINSPAN varied significantly in elevation and canopy cover. Woody vegetation comprised 8 of the 12 species with greatest niche breadths, and tended to predominant in woodland or forest, where tree cover averaged 50% or more. Forbs had greater richness in savanna, which averaged less than 30% canopy cover. The C3 sedge Carex pensylvanica was the dominant graminoid species under woodland canopy cover, and was co-dominant with the C4 grasses Andropogon scoparius and Sorghastrum nutans under savanna canopy cover. As in other savannas, N-fixing species sorted across shade and canopy openings, and heterogeneity among transects was maximized at mid-canopy cover. Over time, canopy cover decreased up to 50%, creating more open savanna conditions at mid to high elevations. This decrease was associated with a 20-100 % increase in species richness and was significantly correlated with increasing richness and cover of C4 grasses and summer flowering prairie and woodland forbs. These results support a canopy cover model of fire-maintained savanna vegetation, with greater abundance of C4 grasses and prairie forb species associated with lower canopy cover, greater heterogeneity at mid-canopy cover, and species richness maximized across the light gradient. They also indicate that decreasing canopy cover caused by repeated burning increases species richness and abundance of C4 and prairie forb species.     

Suicide vectors for the introduction of genetic markers into Bradyrhizobium strains by site-directed chromosomal integration between repeated sequences (RS-α)

To achieve stable expression of the heterologous and reporter genes in the Bradyrhizobium genome, we constructed suicide plasmids capable of site-directed genomic integration of the gusA, gfp and nifA genes by homologous recombination into non-essential repeated sequences (RS-α), isolated from B. japonicum strain CPAC7 (SEMIA5080). In this report, we describe the strategies to construct the vectors and their use to obtain mutants with site-specific insertions.     

知识溢出视角下沼气合作开发中政府补偿政策设计

引用政府补偿政策干预对企业与农户合作模式进行重复博弈分析。针对政府干预下的企业与农户行为特征,借用知识溢出模型得出相应的效用函数,并通过均衡分析,得出政府促进企业与农户合作的策略:第一,达成合作的策略需要保障贴现因子在特定的区间内波动;第二,对于政府补偿政策而言,需要增强农户与企业沼气能源使用率,减小博弈双方知识储备差异的,通过政府资金支持和技术支持增强沼气能源技术的追赶能力,同时合理的规划养殖企业和农户之间地理位置的距离等方式保证合作进行。     

Forecasting clinical disease in pigs: comparing a naive and a Bayesian approach

In veterinary practice the clinician often evaluates and predicts herd health status over time according to clinical criteria. In this paper, we modeled three different clinical signs among pigs based on longitudinal clinical observations in 15 pig herds. We compared and discussed the outputs from two different approaches for making clinical forecasts in a herd: a naive approach using a simple time series model with previous disease observations as predictors and a Bayesian state space models approach, in which the time lag variable entered into the random component of the model. We used the Markov chain Monte Carlo technique to calculate posterior distributions of the forecasts. For the herd specific forecasts the results showed that there were only minor differences between the forecasts from the simple time series model and the median forecasts from the Bayesian model. However, the credibility intervals from the Bayesian model were wider than the forecasts from the simple model and, therefore the Bayesian model encompassed the variability in the forecasts better. Compared to the statistical model, the simple time series would be easier to implement in a practical setting. However, the latter lacks the inherent “generality” from the statistical model that allows the user to make statements about the distribution of the herds and to predict disease status based on the “average” correlation among the herds. The applicability of the Bayesian approach within a clinical decision-making framework was discussed, with special emphasis on the use of prior information and clinical forecasting.     

Effects of repeated metolachlor applications on its persistence in field soil and degradation kinetics in mixed microbial cultures

 The persistence of metolachlor, a soil-applied herbicide, was studied under field conditions involving repeated herbicide applications. The test field received four applications of metolachlor over an 8-month period, which included two cropping seasons. There was a trend for more rapid rates of degradation with increasing numbers of previous treatments, with fifty percent dissipation time (DT₅₀) of metolachlor declining from 18 days in the first spray to 2.5 days in the fourth spray. An effort was made to isolate the microbial population which had become acclimated to the herbicide from this field soil. A fungal community isolated from this soil showed the capacity to degrade up to 99.6% of the metolachlor within a span of 20 days. The bacterial community isolated could also degrade up to 81.5% of the metolachlor. Hence, this study clearly indicated that repeated applications of metolachlor to soil resulted in the generation of an adapted microbial population with an enhanced ability to degrade the applied herbicide. Received: 13 November 1998     

10种不同农林保水剂保水及反复吸水性能评价

选用10种保水剂品种,通过室内实验,分别对其保水性能和反复吸水性进行评价,结果表明:供试保水剂品种间的保水率差异显著,其保水性能在恒温60℃烘干至6 h时下降到50％左右,而反复烘干-吸水过程能显著提高保水剂的吸水倍数,从1.38倍到2.32倍之间;进一步分析结果表明,反复烘干-吸水过程可使供试品种在烘干10 h时的保...