我国“清洁能源计划”浅析

我国可持续发展战略的关键是提高能源效率和能源部门产出。简述了我国能源利用与美国等发达国家能源利用存在的差距,结合我国目前能源投资战略的要点,阐明了我国制定“清洁能源计划”的紧迫性及其重要性。     

Do “stakeholders” represent citizen interests? An empirical inquiry into assessments of policy aims in the National Forest Programme for Germany

Participatory National Forest Programmes (NFPs) intend to democratise forest sector policy, but they may suffer from a fundamental democratic legitimisation deficit since the stakeholders involved are neither democratically authorised nor accountable to the population. In order to scrutinise the empirical relevance of this problem in the case of the German NFP, it is analysed how the German population on the one hand and the NFP participants on the other hand assess central forest policy aims of the NFP, and how far both assessments coincide. Two surveys based on identical questionnaires are used as the data base. The respondents assessed the importance of the respective aims as well as at their implementation. Results show that the population considers the majority of the NFP aims to be generally relevant, but assesses the majority of the aims significantly differently from the stakeholders. The formal legitimisation deficit of the German NFP therefore also matters in terms of content. Discussing the NFP among the elected representatives and in the public seems indispensable.Moreover, the differences in the assessment of some policy aims are significantly dependent on how people judge the image of forest enterprises between the opposing poles of profit orientation and nature protection. Public acceptance of those aims could be furthered more appropriately by adjusting the partly incorrect image of forestry rather than by providing more information about the particular aims and their background.     

云南烟叶可持续发展规范(STP)推广成效与启示

可持续发展是烟草行业现代化的发展方向,也是增强烟草行业核心竞争力的重要主题。笔者分析了2017—2020年云南省烟叶可持续发展规范(STP)的实施情况及对云南烟叶出口量的影响,总结了领导机制的建设、专项资金的灵活使用、人才队伍的建设、数字化管理平台的构建方面的主要做法。认为云南STP的实施间接地影响了全省烟叶安全性、生产方式及生产管理理念,云南烟叶出口适销率逐年上升。结合云南烟叶生产实际,为保障STP生产管理的有效实施,提出建立STP行业标准、强化劳动用工规范、推进质量追溯、以绿色销售拉动绿色生产。     

我国对外贸易原产地规则评析

原产地规则在国际商务的相关领域意义重大 ,然而我国现行原产地规则却存在诸多弊端 ,不利于我国对外经济贸易的发展 ,应当顺应WTO协调计划 ,尽快对其予以完善     

Regional Conservation in the Virunga-Bwindi Region

SUMMARY

Bwindi Impenetrable National Park and the Virunga Volcano region are the last remaining habitats of the highly endangered mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei). This conservation area, shared by Uganda, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, also acts as a refuge for biodiversity and high endemism in the Albertine Rift of Central East Africa. This particular region has suffered from a number of years of civil strife, which have severely affected the management of these forests. This paper will explore the experiences of the International Gorilla Conservation Programme (IGCP) obtained throughout the development of regional processes that are working towards establishing a transboundary-protected area. The establishment of a regional framework and tools utilized are described. The costs and constraints incurred by the IGCP and the resulting positive impacts on conservation are also highlighted.     

养殖小区推广奶牛营养升级计划项目(DNTP)存在的问题及对策

奶牛营养升级计划项目(DNTP)是运用先进的近红外技术建立饲料原料和日粮营养价值数据库,采用独特的物理营养和最先进的化学营养原理,项目营养师根据牛场的特点配制出营养均衡的奶牛全混合日粮(TMR),达到提高奶牛养殖水平和牧场经济效益、实现我国奶业科技进步的目的。笔者综述了奶牛营养升级项目的优点、具体工作流程以及在奶牛养殖小区推广应用中普遍存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策。     

Rules for participation and negotiation and their possible influence on the content of a National Forest Programme

The participation of stakeholders in National Forest Programmes (NFPs) was internationally recommended by the IPF and IFF Proposals for Action. However, where rules for participation and negotiation are absent, unclear or unsuitable, substantive stakeholder involvement may be impeded. Starting from a survey of some relevant elements of rational choice, game, and negotiation theory, the paper outlines some of the problems associated with the concept of participation. Specifically, it discusses how NFP results may be influenced by the selection of participants, their self-organisation, their possible involvement in hierarchies, by co-ordination and decision rules within NFP discussion groups, and by the interrelation of these issues with participants’ bargaining power. The paper discusses how negotiations can be organised in order to surmount the obstacles to achieving a substantive participatory NFP.     

Bull Selection in MOET Nucleus Breeding Schemes with Limited Testing Capacity

Centralized multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) nucleus breeding schemes with limited testing capacity were compared with a conventional artificial insemination (AI) scheme using a simulation. The donor cows were selected after their first lactation. In the hybrid MOET schemes, bulls were progeny tested in the AI population. In comparison, two other schemes used nucleus-born adult bulls only. The best hybrid scheme gave 77% or 40% better genetic response in milk protein yield than that estimated in the national AI scheme when the assumed genetic progress in the AI scheme was low or high, respectively. The best scheme had acceptable coefficients of variation of genetic response, although the rate of inbreeding was 2.5 times higher than in the national AI scheme. The schemes using adult bulls had lower responses and higher rates of inbreeding than the hybrid schemes. The outstanding performance of the hybrid schemes was due to more successful cow selection path than in a conventional AI scheme. A high accuracy of selection of bulls was also important.     

Participatory technology development for incorporating non-timber forest products into forest restoration in Yunnan,Southwest China

Indigenous knowledge has become a topic of considerable interest within the research and development environment. Incorporating indigenous knowledge into state-led ‘top-down’ conservation and development programmes, however, is still a great challenge. This paper presents a case from Yunnan, Southwest China, in which indigenous knowledge has been integrated into the development of an agroforestry model with non-timber forest products for the Sloping Land Conservation Programme (SLCP) by using a participatory technology development (PTD) approach. This approach was adopted to increase the likelihood that technologies developed would be suitable for resource-poor households. It is expected that integrating indigenous and scientific knowledge, will lead to positive ecological and economic outcomes. Finally, the paper argues that the integration of indigenous knowledge in both forestry policy formulation and implementation is important in the context of sustainable forest management in mountain areas.     

论奶牛日粮结构与饲喂制度的最优化

作者以反刍动物最新营养与饲养研究成果为依据，针对当前奶牛饲养实践中存在的主要问题提出日粮配方及饲喂制度的最优化方案，以提高奶牛生产水平和经济效益。