A context for recruitment correlations: why marine fisheries biologists should still look for them

In many cases when ecologists want to investigate a process, they often look for the best system on which to conduct the research, "best" meaning that the possibility of discovering mechanisms is optimized or made easier in some way. In fisheries we do it backwards. The species and system are given to us by economics, and we then fly in the face of the difficult circumstances to find mechanisms that are elusive anyway. These difficult circumstances constitute in some sense the first set of statistical problems. Using examples from the Northeast Pacific, I review the characteristics of cohort time series that make some species more tractable; propose a conscious process of conceptualization to assist in the formulation of clear, germane hypotheses; highlight the contrast between modeling in the sense of statistical fitting versus simulation models of processes; explore how the first round of models integrates with the second round of planning for new data collection at sea and in the lab; and, finally, propose how to judge success in terms of an operational approach.     

咖啡黑小蠹的发生规律及药剂防治研究

咖啡黑小蠢是近年在兴隆华侨农场严重危害中粒种咖啡的重要害虫。据1989年对4—5年生咖啡树调查,植株受害率100％,枝条受害率29.7—82.5％,虫害枯枝率7.65—17.8％。该虫以雌成虫钻蛀咖啡枝条为害,幼虫和成虫取食蛀道壁上的真菌菌丝。田间种群数量通常在3月上旬开始剧增,3月中下旬为高峰期,7月至10月田间虫口极少,11月以后逐渐有虫口及虫枯枝出现。温度是影响虫口波动的主要因素。2.5％溴氰菊酶、25％杀虫双、40％乐菊酯各兑水1000倍对成虫直接触杀效果显著,死亡率均为100％。48％乐斯本、40％氧化乐果400—800倍液等12种杀虫剂田间喷雾对咖啡枝条蛀洞内的成虫、蛹、幼虫防效均不明显。     

Assessing the potential impacts of alternative landscape designs on amphibian population dynamics

An individual-based, spatially explicit population model was used to predict the consequences of future land-use alternatives for populations of four amphibian species in two central Iowa (midwest USA) agricultural watersheds. The model included both breeding and upland habitat and incorporated effects of climatic variation and demographic stochasticity. Data requirements of the model include life history characteristics, dispersal behavior, habitat affinities, as well as land use and landcover in geographic information systems databases. Future scenarios were ranked according to change in breeder abundance, saturation, and distribution, compared to baseline conditions. Sensitivity of simulation results to changes in model parameters was also examined. Simulated results suggest that while all four species modeled are likely to persist under present and future scenario conditions, two may be more at risk from future landscape change. Although the study species are all widespread generalists regarded as having a low conservation priority, they depend on wetlands and ponds, increasingly endangered habitats in agricultural landscapes. Broader conservation strategies in the region would ensure that these currently common organisms do not become the endangered species of the future.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

变叶海棠种群多样性的形成与分化研究

 采用杂种指数和形象化散点图法, 探明了变叶海棠以兼性无融合生殖方式与陇东海棠和花叶海棠产生渗入杂交变异, 又以无融合生殖方式保持新产生变异的遗传, 经过数千万年的世代繁衍,形成现今这样极其复杂多样的渗入杂交群体, 该群体为3 个种的杂交复合体。由于杂种的全部或部分能育子代中发生的基因重组和增加基因的突变, 丰富了物种的基因库, 从而深入的揭示了变叶海棠具有多种高抗性的遗传机理。在变叶海棠居群内保护或栽植适量的陇东海棠和花叶海棠, 对于保持和促进变叶海棠多样性的形成与分化具有重要意义。     

莫莫格湿地干-湿界面优势植物种群动态分析

莫莫格湿地从高河漫滩底端到顶端选取有代表性的植物群落片断作为固定观测样带,并设置6个观测样方,生长季5月、7月、9月3次观测结果表明,小叶章优势种群5月份密度最高达1154-1594株/平方米,7月种群数量下降,9月有所升高;踏头苔草优势种群5-7月份密度在3 414-7 193株/平方米,9月份种群数量大幅度下降;土壤相对含水量低地段小叶章种群相对优势度大,土壤相对含水量高地段踏头苔草种群相对优势度大,局部地段生长季内有相对优势度相互替代过程,莫莫格湿地干-湿界面上小叶章和踏头苔草两个种群可以共存。     

4种杀虫剂灌根对设施甜瓜主要害虫种群动态的影响

以新甜瓜为试验材料,通过小区试验评价了25％噻虫嗪WG、70％吡虫啉WG、10％氟啶虫酰胺WG及50％氟啶虫胺腈WG各3000倍液灌根处理对设施大棚甜瓜瓜蚜、烟粉虱和朱砂叶螨种群动态的影响.结果表明:3种主要害虫的发生与作物季节有关,空白对照处理最高虫量分别为33.88、92.30和480.80头·株-1.噻虫嗪、吡虫...     

西北地区草地贪夜蛾种群遗传多样性分析及治理策略

旨在明确甘肃省草地贪夜蛾的入侵来源,并制定科学有效的防控对策。基于mtCOI基因分子标记分析中国草地贪夜蛾不同生态区8个省12个地理种群276个样品的遗传多样性指数、遗传分化系数及基因流等。结果表明,甘肃省草地贪夜蛾种群的单倍型多样性指数和平均核苷酸差异数分别为0.133～0.157与0.133～0.317,均低于中国周年繁殖区广东、广西、云南种群的0.157～0.819与1.033～7.705;所有种群的Tajima’s D中性检验和Fu’s F检验结果均为负值,表明草地贪夜蛾入侵中国后经历了明显的种群扩张事件。四川种群与其他种群遗传分化显著,62个种群间存在中等程度以上的基因交流。陕西略阳、陕西宁强、甘肃徽县、甘肃成县种群的有效迁入个体数和有效迁出个体数之和分别为11 860.66、11 708.65、10 878.66和10 379.32,在中国草地贪夜蛾的基因交流过程中具有中继站的作用,表明陕南汉水谷地为中国草地贪夜蛾西线北迁入侵西北的主要通道。     

密度对不同株型玉米群体结构的调控效应

不同供试品种的茎叶夹角与株型特征密切相关,随着株型紧凑型增强,该参数值增大;在生育后期,不同株型玉米品种LAI各密度下大体表现为GY115较高,ND108次之,ZD958较低。随着密度增加,各品种LAI增大,紧凑型ZD958植株下位叶片的衰老速率相对减慢。供试品种群体中、下部1 d内各测定时期光截获的数量随密度增加明显减少,不同株型品种相比减小的幅度依数值大小依次为GY115,ND108和ZD958。随密度增大单株干物重降低,但以ZD958降低幅度较小,ND108次之,GY115较大。不同株型品种产量对密度的反应不同,获得高产的适宜密度存在明显差异。     

利川不同类型的莼菜种群结构特征

研究利川不同类型莼菜种群和群落的基本特征。结果表明：人工群落的物种多样性低于半野生群落,而有较高的莼菜多度和盖度。人工定植管理可能是导致莼菜群落的物种多样性降低的重要原因。     

福建紫薇天然林昆虫群落结构特征及多样性研究

通过对福建紫薇天然林内昆虫种类的调查和鉴定,系统研究了福建紫薇天然林中昆虫主要种类.共记录16目69科115种昆虫,其中乔木和灌草层的昆虫种类有73种,隶属9目46科;地表层的昆虫种类有45种,隶属12目23科.从群落物特征来看,鞘翅目的物种丰富度最高（28.37％）;从物种种群数量来看,同翅目昆虫的数量最多（40.41％）.