The effect of residual copper levels on the nutrition and yield of oats grown in microplots on three organic soils

Abstract

Oats (Avena sativa L. cv. Garry) were grown in microplots of three organic soils at site A (peat), site B (muck) and site C (mucky peat) in the summer of 1983. The soil surface (0 to 20 cm) varied in total Cu from 13 to 1659, 135 to 1745, and 81 to 1063 μg/g at sites A, B and C, respectively, due to applications of CuSO₄.5H₂O made at three rates in 1978, at sites A and B, and in 1979 at site C. Neither the rates of Cu application nor total soil Cu influenced yields. High levels of residual Cu increased the levels of Cu in straw at sites A and B, and in grain at site C. However, even the highest levels of Cu in straw and grains, were below the 20 μg/g which is often considered to be the threshold of Cu phytotoxicity. Data on the levels of other nutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Mo and S) in the tops and roots of oats generally revealed no significantly adverse effects of the Cu applications or total accumulated Cu in the three soils.     

菇渣和锯末作为丽格海棠栽培基质的研究

为减少花卉无土栽培对泥炭资源的依赖,同时降低生产成本,该研究以菇渣和锯末两种农林有机废弃物作为基质的主要成分栽培丽格海棠,探讨取代泥炭作为丽格海棠栽培基质的可行性。结果表明,4锯末:1珍珠岩和3锯末:1蛭石两个处理的理化性质的各项指标均在无土栽培基质的理想范围内,用其栽培的丽格海棠根系生长健壮,生长发育综合表现显著优于对照,两个处理的成本分别比对照降低27.61%和27.23%,可作为丽格海棠无土栽培的代用基质。     

盐渍化土壤覆土材料理化性状及其对双孢蘑菇生长的影响

研究山西省当地盐渍化土壤添加草炭土、醋糟、谷糠或高粱壳配制的不同覆土材料(Ⅰ:66.7%草炭土,33.3%盐渍化土壤;Ⅱ:50%草炭土,50%盐渍化土壤;Ⅲ~Ⅴ:每立方米盐渍化土壤分别添加45kg醋糟、谷糠或高粱)的理化性状,并比较不同覆土材料对双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)生长的影响,以草炭土为对照。从覆土至第一潮菇采收结束,Ⅰ和Ⅱ覆土电导率呈逐渐上升趋势,而Ⅲ~Ⅴ覆土的电导率则一直保持较高水平,为1427~1980μS/cm,第三潮菇采收时,Ⅰ~Ⅴ覆土电导率均显著下降;覆土第6天开始,Ⅰ~Ⅴ覆土的pH明显高于对照,为7.47~8.47;Ⅰ和Ⅱ覆土处理的发菌天数与对照相同,Ⅲ~Ⅴ覆土处理则比对照延长3d;各处理的第一潮菇和第三潮菇的采收时间均为5d,第二潮菇采收时间各处理间略有差异,但总产量均高于对照,其中以Ⅲ覆土处理产量最高,达21.3kg/m~2。试验结果表明,盐渍化土壤添加草炭土、醋糟、谷糠或高粱壳均可作为生产双孢蘑菇的覆土材料。     

石灰和泥炭处理对超积累植物东南景天清除土壤重金属的影响

[目的]采用植物修复技术对广西崇左市某一铅锌矿区的重金属污染土壤进行治理。研究石灰和泥炭处理对东南景天和玉米的生长及积累重金属的影响。[方法]进行为期1年的大田试验,植物种植模式为单种玉米和玉米套种东南景天2种方式;土壤改良剂的处理为单施石灰和石灰+泥炭处理2种方式。[结果]大田试验证明,在土壤Zn和Cd分别达3 574 mg/kg和29 mg/kg的条件下,东南景天生长良好,其地上部Zn和Cd含量最高达21 982 mg/kg和1 013 mg/kg。施用石灰或泥炭均可促进东南景天和玉米的生长,提高2种植物对Zn的积累,抑制玉米对Cd的积累。[结论]在施用石灰+泥炭的基础上采用玉米套种东南景天的方式可以获得最大的Zn和Cd去除效果。     

几种栽培基质的理化特性分析及其对香蕉幼苗生长的影响

[目的]了解不同栽培基质的理化性质,及其对香蕉幼苗生长的影响,为培育健康优质香蕉种苗提供理论基础.[方法]以椰糠、泥炭土及红壤土为基质原料,香蕉组培幼苗为植物材料,研究不同基质理化性质及其对幼苗生长的作用.[结果]椰糠和泥炭土都具有较小的容重,总孔隙度分别为82.6％和77.0％,持水孔隙度分别为59.2％和64.3％,使栽培介质具有较强的通透性和保水能力;而红壤土则有较大的容重,较差的通透性.椰糠有丰富有机质和较高全磷和全钾,而全氮则较低;红壤土的有机质和全氮含量远低于椰糠和泥炭土.椰糠处理的香蕉幼苗在株高、叶数、叶面积、干物重等方面具有较强的生长优势,泥炭土次之,而红壤土则表现最弱.根系形态参数表明,椰糠处理下植株根系较长、粗壮,根表面积较大,显著优于其他两个处理.[结论]单纯红壤土或泥炭土作为基质不能为香蕉幼苗提供最优的生长条件;椰糠具有更适于香蕉幼苗生长的理化性质,利于培育强壮健康无菌种苗,可作为重要的无土栽培介质而广泛应用.     

Near‐surface macropore flow and saturated hydraulic conductivity in drained and restored blanket peatlands

The impacts of blanket peatland management on water tables, near‐surface macropore flow and saturated hydraulic conductivity were investigated using automated dipwells and mini‐disc tension infiltrometers. Three neighbouring hillslopes which were undisturbed, drained and restored by drain blocking were studied. Mean water table depths at the undisturbed sites were slightly shallower than at the restored site and water tables at both sites were significantly shallower relative to the drained treatment. Through time, however, the water table at the restored treatment behaved in a markedly different way to that at the undisturbed site. Water tables reached the peat surface for only 2% of the time for the drained and restored treatments compared to 18% for the undisturbed treatment. The proportion of runoff flowing through macropores in the near‐surface layers of the peat was found to be large (≥60%) across all three treatments, yet functional macroporosity was found to be significantly greater in the undisturbed peat relative to the two other treatments. Meanwhile, saturated hydraulic conductivity was found to be significantly higher at the restored treatment relative to the two other treatments, with mean conductivities ca. 1.5 times greater, suggesting a form of heightened soil–water interaction. Combined, the results indicate that although restoration by ditch blocking may result in a relatively successful water table recovery, there may not be the full reinstatement of peatland hydrological processes.     

Vermicompost as a substitute for peat in potting media: Effects on germination,biomass allocation,yields and fruit quality of three tomato varieties

Commercial potting media often contain substantial amounts of peat that was mined from endangered bog and fen ecosystems. The main objectives of this study were to assess (1) whether the amendment of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% (v/v) of vermicompost (VC) to a fertilized commercial peat potting substrate has effects on the emergence, growth and biomass allocation of tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) under greenhouse conditions, (2) whether possible impacts on seedlings can affect tomato yields and fruit quality even when transplanted into equally fertilized field soil, and (3) whether effects are consistent among different tomato varieties. Amended VC was produced in a windrow system of food and cotton waste mainly by earthworms Eisenia fetida Sav. Vermicompost amendments significantly influenced, specifically for each tomato variety, emergence and elongation of seedlings. Biomass allocation (root:shoot ratio) was affected by VC amendments for two varieties in seedling stage and one field-grown tomato variety. Marketable and total yields of field tomatoes were not affected by VC amendments used for seedling husbandry. However, morphological (circumference, dry matter content, peel firmness) and chemical fruit parameters (contents of C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, l-ascorbic acid, glucose, fructose) were significantly affected by VC amendments in seedling substrates; these effects again were specific for each tomato variety. Overall, vermicompost could be an environmentally friendly substitute for peat in potting media with similar or beneficial effects on seedling performance and fruit quality. However, at least for tomatoes, variety-specific responses should be considered when giving recommendations on the optimum proportion of vermicompost amendment to horticultural potting substrate.     

Water-table management in lowland UK peat soils and its potential impact on CO2 emission

The rate of oxidation of peat soils is highly seasonal and varies with temperature and soil moisture content. Large variations in soil moisture content result in wet–dry cycles that can enhance peat degradation. Water‐table management plays a crucial role in controlling and damping the effect of these environmental factors. However, maintaining high ditch water levels in fields bounded by ditches does not guarantee a high field groundwater level. The effect of installing subsurface irrigation at different spacings on water table elevation was studied in a low‐lying peat grassland. The water table elevation data were compared against values predicted with a water balance model. In addition, greenhouse experiments were carried out on undisturbed soil core samples collected from the peat grassland as well as a low‐lying peatland under intensive arable faming to measure CO₂ evolution under different water regimes. The field data from the peat grassland suggest that sub‐irrigation spacing as low as 10 m is necessary during summer periods to maintain groundwater levels similar to those in the ditches. Over the same period of observation, the difference in water level between the ditches and the non‐irrigated fields is as high as 0.7 m. Modelled outputs are in good correlation with the field observations, and demonstrate that simple water balance models can provide an effective tool to study the effect of water management practices and potential changes in subsurface conditions, climate and land use on water‐table levels. The measurement of CO₂ emission from undisturbed peat soil columns shows that the rate of oxidation of soil organic matter from peat soils is highly seasonal and that drainage exacerbates the rate of peat mineralization.     

草炭杯容器育苗实验

为提高苗木质量和造林成活率,选用了几种不同容器(草炭杯、塑料杯、蜂窝纸杯、泥土杯),进行了其中以草炭杯为主的对比育苗实验。通过实验调查对比分析,得出结论:草炭杯育苗可以提高苗木质量,增加苗木产量,降低育苗成本。在林业生产建设上具有较高的推广应用价值。     

Influence of nursery soil amendments on water relations,root architectural development,and field performance of Douglas-fir transplants

This experiment evaluated the influence of manure, peat, and vermiculite incorporated at low and high rates (0.0118 and 0.0236 m³/m²) and under two soil moisture regimes on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedling (1+0 for 1+1) xylem water potential (_xylem), whole-plant growth, root architectural development, and subsequent field performance under fertilized and non-fertilized conditions. Trends in soil moisture retention were observed (high manure > high peat > control) but there were no differences in _xylem. Root length in the wetter soil moisture experiment was initially (three months) greatest for seedlings in high vermiculite and least in high manure but there were no differences among treatments at lifting (eight months). Mean height was greatest for seedlings grown in vermiculite and peat (wetter nursery experiment) after two field seasons. Field fertilization (35 g/seedling) with controlled-release fertilizer in the planting hole stimulated height growth initially, but decreased height and diameter growth during the second growing season. Dramatic improvements associated with the use of nursery soil amendments were not realized, but the failure to identify negative effects, a potential reduction in disease incidence, and improvement of nursery soil physical and chemical properties may justify their use.