Body and Wing Allometries Reveal Flight-Fecundity Tradeoff in Response to Larval Provisioning in Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Variation in body size has important implications for physical performance and fitness. For insects, adult size and morphology are determined by larval growth and metamorphosis. Female blue orchard bees, Osmia lignaria, (Say) provision a finite quantity of food to their offspring. In this study, we asked how provision-dependent variation in size changes adult morphology. We performed a diet manipulation in which some larvae were starved in the final instar and some were given unlimited food. We examined the consequences on adult morphology in two ways. First, allometric relationships between major body regions (head, thorax, abdomen) and total body mass were measured to determine relative growth of these structures. Second, morphometrics that are critical for flight (wing area, wing loading, and extra flight power index) were quantified. Head and thorax mass had hyperallometric relationships with body size, indicating these parts become disproportionately large in adults when larvae are given copious provisions. However, abdominal mass and wing area increased hypoallometrically with body size. Thus, large adults had disproportionately lighter abdomens and smaller wing areas than smaller adults. Though both males and females followed these general patterns, allometric patterns were affected by sex. For flight metrics, small adults had reduced wing loading and an increased extra flight power index. These results suggest that diet quantity alters development in ways that affect the morphometric trait relationships in adult O. lignaria and may lead to functional differences in performance.     

日光温室油桃壁蜂授粉技术研究

以角额壁蜂为试材,研究了壁蜂不同释放技术对日光温室油桃授粉效果的影响。结果表明:人工剥茧放蜂技术可以保证所释放壁蜂的有效性,使日光温室油桃获得较高的坐果率;剪茧释放壁蜂技术也可以明显提高油桃的坐果率,采用壁蜂自然破茧放蜂技术对油桃坐果率提高不明显。     

气象因素对凹唇壁蜂活动规律的影响研究

经对试验结果进行分析,发现日平均温度是影响凹唇壁蜂在出茧速率的主要气象因素,其次是日照时数和最高温度,成蜂出茧后,在访花活动期间,雌蜂的活动频率除了受花期的影响外,主要受日平均温度的影响,即温度越高,活动频率就越高,而与风速负相关,在阴雨较少的情况下花期温度是影响繁殖率高低的主导因素,其次为日照时数和平均风速。     

凹唇壁蜂雌成虫滞育期、休眠期和破茧期肠道菌群多样性分析

为明确凹唇壁蜂Osmia excavata雌成虫滞育期至破茧期肠道菌群的多样性及差异,解析其在宿主健康与调控宿主生长发育中的作用,采用Illumina NovaSeq二代高通量测序技术对不同时期肠道细菌16S rRNA V3~V4区域进行测序,分析雌成虫滞育期至破茧期肠道菌群的多样性变化。结果显示,凹唇壁蜂雌成虫在滞育期至破茧期肠道细菌菌群中共检测到41门96纲198目325科637属,其中核心菌门是变形菌门,相对丰度介于75.98%~91.41%之间;核心菌属是Sodalis,相对丰度介于59.65%~74.66%之间。Alpha多样性分析显示,从滞育期到休眠期,雌成虫肠道内菌群多样性指数明显升高,从休眠期至破茧期,其肠道菌群多样性指数出现降低趋势;休眠期其肠道菌群的物种丰富度和均匀度均最高,滞育期其肠道菌群的物种丰富度和均匀度均最低;Beta多样性分析结果显示,从滞育期至破茧期,其肠道菌群结构相对稳定;LEfSe分析结果显示,从滞育期至破茧期其肠道菌群在门、纲、目、科、属水平均存在显著差异,且差异显著菌群主要出现在休眠期。预测的不同时期的肠道菌群功能不同,这与其成虫解除滞育进入休眠再破茧的生理过程密切相关。表明凹唇壁蜂雌成虫从滞育期至破茧期肠道核心细菌种类一致,群落结构相对稳定,但是群落多样性发生明显变化。     

山东威海凹唇壁蜂过冷却点的测定

参照秦玉川等测定昆虫过冷却点的方法,对凹唇壁蜂的过冷却点与体液冰点温度进行测定,其结果表明,雌性凹唇壁蜂最低过冷却点与体液冰点温度分别为-24.19℃和—19.16℃;雄性凹唇壁蜂最低过冷却点与体液冰点温度分别为-23.45℃和—18.71℃,表明凹唇壁蜂在本地不能安全越冬.     

寒地果树凹唇壁蜂授粉及对坐果的影响1）

在苹果开花前释放壁蜂,花后对蜂管进行回收,并对蜂箱、蜂管、壁蜂授粉情况进行调查。结果表明：在寒地壁蜂的活动时间为7～16点,纸管回收率低于芦苇管回收率,坐果率高于自然授粉果树,果实种子数、单果重和果型指数明显增加。     

渭北高原区苹果壁蜂授粉技术的规范研究

为了规范渭北高原苹果产区应用壁蜂授粉技术。通过田间试验研究了壁蜂不同释放方法、巢箱高度、巢材管对壁蜂出茧速度、出茧率、营巢管率等的影响。结果表明：剥茧放蜂法出茧速度最快、出茧率和营巢管率最高。巢箱距地面20 cm左右营巢管率最高。纸巢管和芦苇巢管的营巢管率显著高于塑料巢管。     

壁蜂的行为特性及其在农作物传粉中的应用前景

昆虫传粉对于虫媒农作物生产具有重要作用。壁蜂是近年来得以迅速应用的一种传粉昆虫,通常在早春活动授粉,与蜜蜂相比具有耐低温、访花速率快、授粉效果好、管理简便等特点。中国在利用壁蜂授粉方面起步较晚,但目前研究应用也取得了较大的进展。笔者总结了壁蜂的种类、生活史及授粉特性,阐述了近年来壁蜂在国内外果树授粉中取得的显著经济效益,展望了壁蜂在大田作物授粉中的应用前景,并根据壁蜂的活动规律提出了应用壁蜂授粉需要注意的问题。壁蜂授粉符合虫媒作物生产中经济、高效、环境友好的需求,必将成为现代农业生产中的关键技术。     

房屋类型与持续采集对野生壁蜂采集效果的影响

为进一步提高野生壁蜂的采集效率,研究了不同房屋类型与持续采集对野生壁蜂采集效果的影响。结果表明:草房与空房之间的满管率无显著差异,分别为47.83%和44.20%;草房、空房与瓦房之间的满管率差异显著,瓦房的满管率只有18.34%;采集次数对野生壁蜂采集效果的影响显著,3年间采集总数逐年递减,递减率达30.5%~38.3%,野生壁蜂的茧巢比也逐年下降,下降率为16.8%~58.4%。