Impact of variation in structure of condensed tannins from sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) on in vitro ruminal methane production and fermentation characteristics

Our study investigated the effects of condensed tannins (CT) on rumen in vitro methane (CH₄) production and fermentation characteristics by incubating lucerne in buffered rumen fluid in combination with different CT extracts at 0 (control), 40, 80 and 120 g CT/kg of substrate DM. Condensed tannins were extracted from four sainfoin accessions: Rees ‘A’, CPI63763, Cotswold Common and CPI63767. Gas production (GP) was measured using a fully automated GP apparatus with CH₄ measured at distinct time points. Condensed tannins differed substantially in terms of polymer size and varied from 13 (Rees ‘A’) to 73 (CPI63767) mean degree of polymerization, but had relatively similar characteristics in terms of CT content, procyanidin: prodelphinidin (PC: PD) and cis:trans ratios. Compared to control, addition of CT from CPI63767 and CPI63763 at 80 and 120 g CT/kg of substrate DM reduced CH₄ by 43% and 65%, and by 23% and 57%, respectively, after 24‐h incubation. Similarly, CT from Rees ‘A’ and Cotswold Common reduced CH₄ by 26% and 46%, and by 28% and 46% respectively. Addition of increasing level of CT linearly reduced the maximum rates of GP and CH₄ production, and the estimated in vitro organic matter digestibility. There was a negative linear and quadratic (p < 0.01) relation between CT concentration and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. Inclusion of 80 and 120 g CT/kg of substrate DM reduced (p < 0.001) branched‐chain VFA production and acetate: propionate ratio and was lowest for CPI63767. A decrease in proteolytic activity as indirectly shown by a change in VFA composition favouring a shift towards propionate and reduction in branched‐chain VFA production varied with type of CT and was highest for CPI63767. In conclusion, these results suggest that tannin polymer size is an important factor affecting in vitro CH₄ production which may be linked to the CT interaction with dietary substrate or microbial cells.     

梯田生态经济型防护林网的配置模式与效益研究

在旱作梯田上，田面和地坎的主体蒸发效应，使靠近田埂的农作物因土壤水分不足而生长受抑的现象普遍存在。依据生态学和生态经济学原理，利用植物群落中物种在自然资源利用上的时空异质性，配置以泡桐作建群种、以紫穗槐为附属种的主防风林带和以山楂或紫穗槐组成为副防风林带，可充分占有生态位，提高自然资源利用率。在中沟流域的研究结果表明，在旱作梯田上配置生态经济型防护林网，可显著降低于热风危害，提高光能利用率１３．１％。提高土壤（０～８０ｃｍ）含水量１１％，减少梯田埂坎冲蚀量８７．５％，使土地生产率由２４００元／ｈｍ２提高到４７２５元／ｈｍ２。     

涩柿果品加工中复涩机理研究

讨论了涩柿复涩机理及复涩时单宁细胞的变化,及影响复涩的因素:脱涩方法、原料的预处理、金属离子、pH值、加热温度及时间、高分子食品添加剂、还原剂、果实硬度。     

基于马占相思栲胶单宁酚醛树脂胶黏剂的合成与热压工艺研究

以马占相思栲胶、苯酚、甲醛和氢氧化钠为原料,通过共缩聚反应来制备单宁酚醛(TPF)树脂胶黏剂并对其胶合强度进行检测和分析,利用均匀设计建立指标值与相关因素的方程模型,进一步优化实验配方。结果表明,当苯酚与甲醛的摩尔比为1:2.5,苯酚与栲胶质量比为37:100,质量浓度为30%的氢氧化钠溶液与栲胶质量比为74:100时,合成的TPF共缩聚树脂胶黏剂性能较稳定;压制的三层胶合板强度达1.37MPa,达到国家标准(GB/T 14732—2006)Ⅰ类胶合板的要求。     

柿果实脱涩机理及脱涩技术研究进展

随着人们对柿果实保健功能的深入认识,柿树栽培面积和产量逐年上升。但中国在柿采后生理尤其是涩柿脱涩机理及相应技术的研究仍滞后于产业发展的需要,是制约目前柿产业发展的关键问题之一。本文综述了柿不同类型果实脱涩机理及涩柿采后脱涩技术及相关影响因子,旨在为相关研究和产业发展提供参考。     

柿单宁在重金属吸附中的应用研究进展

柿单宁是一种来源丰富的天然高分子,由于其分子结构中的B环含有丰富的邻位酚羟基,对金属离子具有很强的降价吸附能力。以柿单宁为有效成分的金属吸附剂具有成本低、环保和高效等优势,近年来发展迅速。本文主要介绍柿单宁的结构特点及其吸附重金属(放射性元素、贵金属、有毒重金属等)离子的研究进展,初步探讨其吸附重金属离子的机理,并对该金属吸附剂的发展趋势进行展望。     

高粱在畜禽日粮中的应用研究

高粱的抗旱性强，比玉米的生长环境条件更宽广。随着玉米、小麦等能量原料价格的高涨，为了降低成本，提高产品竞争力，很多大型饲料企业开始从国外进口高粱。然而，由于高粱中含有丹宁，与玉米相比，用高梁作为饲料原料降低了非反刍动物对能量和其它养分的消化利用率。文章就目前高粱在非反刍动物营养中的研究应用进行了总结。     

Growth and Apparent Absorption of Minerals in Broiler Chicks Fed Diets with Low or High Tannin Contents

Sorghum grains with low (0.28 per cent catechin equivalent (%CE) or high (1.36 %CE)) tannin contents were used to study the effect of tannin on growth and on the apparent absorption of Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Fe and Co by chickens. High-tannin sorghum caused a highly significant (p0.01) reduction in the weight gain and feed intake of broiler chicks compared to low-tannin sorghum and increased the feed conversion ratio (p0.01). The amount of tannin did not affect mortality. The apparent absorption of Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Fe and Co was reduced (p0.01) by feeding sorghum grains with a high tannin content.     

单宁对反刍动物养分利用的营养机制

植物饲料中适量的单宁含量对反刍动物养分利用有其积极作用。本文从分析单宁的理化性质入手,详细综述了植物饲料中单宁的营养作用机制、抗营养作用、去除措施以及研究展望,以期为有效利用含单宁的植物饲料提供理论参考。     

单宁对反刍动物的影响及其消除方法概述

单宁是一种多酚化合物,广泛存在于各种植物中。本文对其性质、营养作用、对反刍动物的不利影响以及消除方法作了综述。