Using traffic flow theory to model traffic mortality in mammals

Traffic has a considerable effect on population and community dynamics through the disruption and fragmentation of habitat and traffic mortality. This paper deals with a systematic way to acquire knowledge about the probabilities of successful road crossing by mammals and what characteristics affect this traversability. We derive a model from traffic flow theory to estimate traffic mortality in mammals related to relevant road, traffic and species characteristics. The probability of successful road crossing is determined by the pavement width of the road, traffic volume, traversing speed of the mammals and their body length. We include the traversability model in a simple two-patch population model to explore the effects of these road, traffic and species characteristics on population dynamics. Analysis of the models show that, for our parameter ranges, traffic volume and traversing speed have the largest effect on traffic mortality. The population size is especially negatively affected when roads have to be crossed during the daily movements. These predictions could be useful to determine the expected effectiveness of mitigating measures relative to the current situation. Mitigating measures might alter the road and traffic characteristics. The effects of these changes on traffic mortality and population dynamics could be analysed by calculating the number of traffic victims before and after the mitigating measures. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanisation of organic fertiliser spreading,choice of fertiliser and crop residue management as solutions for maize environmental impact mitigation

The environmental impact of crop production is mainly related to fossil fuels consumption and to fertilisers application. Emissions arising from the spreading of organic and mineral fertilisers are important contributors for impact categories such as eutrophication and acidification. The choice of the fertilisers and of the spreading techniques as well as the crop residues management can deeply affect the environmental impact related to crop cultivation.In this study, seven scenarios describing fertilising schemes characterised by different organic and mineral fertilisers and by different mechanisation were compared. The aim is to evaluate, using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, how the environmental performances of grain maize production were affected by these different fertilisers schemes. The study was carried out considering a cradle to farm gate perspective and 1 t grain maize was selected as functional unit. Inventory data were collected on a farm located in Po Valley (Northern Italy) during year 2013 and were processed using the composite method recommended by the International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD). The compared scenarios involved organic and mineral fertiliser distribution and were: pig slurry incorporation after >3 days after spreading (BS), fast pig slurry incorporation within 2 h from spreading (AS1), direct soil injection of pig slurry (AS2), pig slurry incorporation (after >3 days) with straw collection (AS3), digestate spreading instead of pig slurry (after >3 days) (AS4), only mineral fertilisers (i.e. urea and superphosphate) distribution (AS5) and only mineral fertilisers (i.e. calcium ammonium nitrate and superphosphate) distribution (AS6).The results were not univocal, since climate and soil conditions as well as physical and chemical fertiliser characteristics differently affected the environmental load, especially for particulate matter formation, terrestrial acidification and terrestrial eutrophication impact categories. AS1 and AS2 showed the most beneficial results for these impact categories (between ↙67% and ↙73% respect to worst scenario). AS6, on the opposite, showed the highest environmental impact for those impact categories mainly affected by energy and fossil fuel consumption (climate change, ozone depletion, human toxicity with carcinogenic effect, particulate matter, freshwater eutrophication, freshwater ecotoxicity and mineral, fossil and renewable resources depletion), categories on which AS3 and AS4 were the best solutions. AS3 was the most impacting for terrestrial acidification and eutrophicationA sensitivity analysis was carried out varying grain maize yield (mostly affected: marine eutrophication) and ammonia volatilisation losses due to organic fertilisers (mainly affected: terrestrial acidification and eutrophication).The achieved results can be useful for the development of ⬓spreading rules⬽ that drive the application of organic fertilisers in agricultural areas where there is an intense livestock activity.     

不同形态硼对油菜幼苗铝毒的缓解效应及其FTIR特征分析

采用水培法,以油菜品种Cao 221167为试验材料,设置无机态硼酸(BA)和有机态山梨醇硼(SB)及不同Al~(3+)(0、100、200和500μmol L~(–1))处理,研究不同形态硼(B)对油菜幼苗铝(Al)毒的缓解作用及不同形态B之间的缓解效应差异,以及利用FTIR(傅里叶红外光谱)技术分析叶片各物质含量的变化。结果表明,Al毒胁迫下,不同形态B(BA和SB)处理,显著提高植株生物量和根系长度(0、100、200和500μmol L~(–1) Al毒胁迫下BA处理根长分别增加了52.15%、101.45%、366.70%和18.73%;SB处理分别增加了46.80%、133.98%、261.36%和10.77%),提高色素含量和SOD活性,而降低了Al含量、MDA含量和POD活性。不同形态B处理下,油菜幼苗在200μmol L~(–1) Al~(3+)处理下长势、生物量及色素含量最高。在500μmol L~(–1) Al~(3+)处理下,油菜幼苗株高、根长、总干鲜重及色素含量显著低于无Al处理;FTIR分析表明,Al毒胁迫下油菜叶片中蛋白质和低聚糖等含量明显上升,加硼明显降低了蛋白质和低聚糖的含量,且BA处理降低幅度明显高于SB处理。说明不同形态B(BA和SB)的添加均明显缓解Al毒,且BA对Al毒缓解效果优于SB,这为农业生产中施用何种硼肥来缓解Al毒起到一定的指导作用。     

水稻田甲烷的减排方法研究

通过多年对稻田甲烷排放量的野外实验观测和对稻田甲烷产生与排放因子的研究，总结出减少稻田烷排放的主要方法，分析了各种减排方法的效果和经济效益，并利用层次分析法对各种减排方法做了综合的评价。现有的稻田甲减排方法主要有其它肥料代替传统的有机肥，种植低甲排放的水稻品种、灌水管理等。适用中国国情的方法主要有杂交稻替代常规稻，沼渣肥替代纯有要肥，沼渣肥替代有机肥的减排效果较好，社会效益和环境效益明显优于杂交稻     

我国农业气象灾害减灾研究

简析了我国农业气象灾害影响地域广、区域差异明显以及发生频率逐渐变大、灾情逐渐加重等基本特征,揭示了导致我国农业气象灾害频繁发生以及灾情巨大的原因,并提出应改变传统灾害管理体制,依靠科技进步和加强农业灾害保险建设等减灾对策。     

Seabird mortality at trawler warp cables and a proposed mitigation measure: A case of study in Golfo San Jorge, Patagonia, Argentina

We studied the interaction between seabirds and warp cables in the high-seas Argentine hake Merluccius hubbsi trawl fishery operating in Golfo San Jorge, Argentina, and tested the efficacy of a simple mitigation measure designed to reduce mortality at warp cables. Observations were made onboard hake trawlers during the height of the fishing season, between December 2004 and April 2005. Thirteen seabird species used food made available by fishing operations. The most frequent and abundant seabirds (% occurrence, mean maximum number per haul) were the Kelp gull Larus dominicanus (98.1%, 348.5) and the Black-browed albatross Thalassarche melanophrys (96.1%, 132.2). Contacts with warp cables were recorded for six species in 81.4% of hauls, with a mean number of contacts per haul of 14.4 ± 23.8 (range = 0-127). A total of 53 individuals were killed due to interactions with nets and cables, resulting in a total cable mortality rate of 0.14 birds/haul. Considering the fishery’s fishing effort, the estimated total number of birds killed during the study was 2703 (CV = 0.8), of which 306 (CV = 0.9) were killed due to contacts with warp cables (255 Kelp gulls and 51 Black-browed albatross). The tested device consisted of a plastic cone attached to each warp cable. In hauls with mitigation device, the number of contacts was reduced by 89% and no seabirds were killed. Mean distances between seabirds and cables were significantly larger in hauls with than without mitigation device (2.6 vs 0.9 m). The proposed device could be easily applied in this and other trawl fisheries operating in Argentine waters. Increased effort should be placed in implementing mitigation measures and the monitoring of cable related mortality associated to high-seas trawlers operating in the Argentine Continental Shelf.     

我国林业CDM固C项目的前景、影响及相关对策

本文从林业的角度对《联合国关于气候变化的框架公约》，《京都议定书》的相关条款做了介绍，并对CDM（清洁发展机制)林业固C项目在我国开展的前景及影响做了分析。主要结论如下：1)CDM林业固C项目是我国林业发展的重大机遇，通过为林业争取国外资金、技术支持及促进生态效益补偿制度的建立，将有力促进我国林业展与生态建设。2)为了充分把握CDM林业固C项目的机会，需要对林业的固C总量及固C潜力，可纳入CDM的林业固C项目的类型与特征，合适的CDM固C造林技术及模式，C贮量测定的标准化以及CDM的运行机制等进行研究。3)建议通过国际合作研究培养相关人材，开展小规模的CDM固C项目试点，并通过相关部门积极申报CDM森林固C项目。     

重金属污染对蔬菜生产的危害以及缓解重金属污染措施的研究进展

重金属会影响蔬菜生长发育,导致其产量和品质的降低,最终危害人类健康。本文从水分代谢、光合作用、呼吸作用、抗氧化酶活性、抗坏血酸、谷胱甘肽、植物络合素、其他矿质元素吸收等方面,综述了重金属对蔬菜生长发育的影响及其生理生化反应,阐述了不同蔬菜种类、品种和器官对重金属的积累机理,总结了缓解土壤重金属污染的有效措施。结合研究现状,就蔬菜安全生产方面提出以下建议：应广泛开展不同蔬菜种类及其品种对重金属积累的差异化研究,针对现有国家无公害标准中土壤重金属临界值,开展蔬菜中低积累种类及其品种筛选,同时开发有效缓解土壤重金属污染的栽培调控措施,以保障蔬菜的安全生产。     

蔬菜盐害生理及其缓解措施的研究进展

综述了近年来蔬菜盐害生理的最新研究进展,包括盐胁迫下蔬菜种子萌发、幼苗生长、光合特性、抗氧化能力、离子分配、果实产量和品质等方面,以及一些缓解盐胁迫的农艺措施,同时分析了目前存在的问题及发展趋势。     

春玉米化学除草剂药害的发生原因及其预防和缓解技术措施

在河北省隆化县,玉米田化学除草剂药害发生程度逐渐加重、面积逐年加大,严重影响了玉米生产。分析了造成玉米田化学除草剂药害的主要原因,并提出了合理适期选用化学除草剂、注意天气情况、提高喷药技术,运用农业技术并辅助喷洒植物生长调节剂等措施,可以预防和缓解药害的发生。