人心果转录组De novo组装及奇可胶途径相关基因的分析

为了探索人心果(Manilkara zapota L.)的转录组及奇可胶合成相关的基因,使用Illumina测序平台,对人心果果实、树皮和叶片分别进行转录组测序,使用Trinity等软件进行De novo组装和注释以及计算表达量,采用实时荧光定量PCR对转录组数据进行验证。经过组装得到162 455条unigene,总长度达139 792 553 nt,平均长度达861 nt,N50达1 544 nt。通过与NR、NT、Swiss-Prot、KEGG、COG和GO等数据库比对,共计89 628条unigene得到注释。以组装出来的unigene作为参考序列,在人心果转录组中共鉴别出57 362个SSR位点,果实、叶片和树皮表达的基因中分别检测到99 925、65 989和129109个SNP位点。在人心果转录组中共鉴别出105个与奇可胶合成相关的unigene,参与甲羟戊酸(MVA)途径的基因在果实和树皮中表达量较高,磷酸盐(MEP)途径中的基因则在叶片中的表达量较高,实时荧光定量PCR结果与转录组计算得到的表达量一致。初步推测MVA途径可能是奇可胶合成的主要途径。     

人心果AFLP反应体系的建立与优化

为给人心果分子生物学研究奠定基础,以人心果嫩叶为材料,采用改良CTAB法提取到高质量的总DNA,可用于AFLP实验分析。通过优化酶切—连接反应、预扩增和扩增反应过程中的关键因素,建立了适合人心果的AFLP实验体系和反应条件,得到了带型清晰、多态性丰富的AFLP指纹图谱。研究结果对人心果遗传多样性分析及其分子标记辅助育种具有重要意义。     

Phenology and pollination of Manilkara zapota in forest and homegardens

Knowledge on reproductive phenology and pollination biology are basic elements that should be considered in the management and exploitation of plant species that offer non-timber products. The tropical tree Manilkara zapota is a species from which non-timber products have been obtained for centuries by Mayan communities in Mexico. Nevertheless, there are no quantitative reports on its reproductive biology and the factors that limit fruit production. The present study describes the reproductive phenology, breeding system and pollination of this species in two contrasting environments: medium-height, subdeciduous forest, and homegardens (“solares”) in a Mayan community in the state of Yucatan. Significant differences were found between environments both in the temporal distribution of flower and mature fruit production, as well as in the proportion of mature fruits. Homegarden trees showed the greatest fruit production, although flower production did not differ between environments. Mature fruits were of better quality (i.e., greater fresh weight) in homegardens. Hand pollination experiments showed that M. zapota is self-compatible, and that there is pollinator limitation for fruit production in trees that grow in homegardens. We propose that water and soil nutrients are the main factors limiting M. zapota fruit production in forests, while in homegardens the main factor appears to be pollinator availability.     

NaCl胁迫对两种铁线子属果树叶片生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验法,对铁线子属果树人心果[Manilkara zapota(L.)van Royen]和古巴牛乳树[Manilkara roxburghiana(Wight)Dubard]进行NaCl胁迫处理,测定叶片的叶绿素、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白等指标及盆土的实际盐度。结果表明,人心果在盐度1.98‰以内、古巴牛乳树在盐度2.42‰以内没有盐害;在NaCl胁迫下,两树种的叶绿素合成受到明显抑制;随着处理浓度增加,人心果叶片的SOD活性升高,各处理浓度下的活性都显著高于对照,但POD和CAT活性呈现先升后降趋势,古巴牛乳树叶片的CAT活性升高,但SOD和POD活性降低,三者活性在各处理浓度下都显著高于对照;人心果叶片的脯氨酸含量在各处理浓度均显著高于对照,可溶性蛋白含量在处理浓度为4‰及以上时显著高于对照,古巴牛乳树叶片的脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白在处理浓度为4‰及以上时显著高于对照,推测脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白作为渗透调节物质在人心果、古巴牛乳树受NaCl胁迫过程中起着重要的作用。     

人心果细胞悬浮培养的初步研究

对人心果愈伤组织的诱导及细胞悬浮培养结果表明,人心果愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS 6-BA0．2mg／L NAA0．1mg／L 2.4-D1．0mg／L PVP3．0g／L;继代培养基为MS 6-BA0．5mg／L NAA0．1mg／Lt 2.4-D1．0mg／L PVP3．0g／L。最佳的细胞悬浮培养基为MS 6-BA0．2～0．5mg／L NAA0．1mg／L 2．4-D0．5～1.00mg／L 蔗糖30g／L。培养液体积为40mL时,以4～6mL的接种量为宜。悬浮细胞在生长前期,pH下降较明显,而在细胞对数生长期,pH变化不明显。此项研究为进一步选育高产人心果胶细胞株打下了良好的基础。     

我国人心果的品种资源、生产现状及发展对策

人心果是一种具有广泛用途的热带果树,具有十分重要的开发利用价值．调查结果表明,我国人心果资源主要分布于广西中南部、云南广东福建省南部及海南、台湾等地,可划分为3个大的栽培区域．栽培品种根据果实形状不同,可分为椭圆形果、圆形果和圆锥形果3大类．人心果资源稀少、良种缺乏,尚未形成规模化商业性栽培,加工利用亦未起步。针对目前现状,提出了引进并加快良种繁育、建立高水平科技示范园、开展分类研究及培育良种、开展果胶提取与加工技术研究的发展对策。     

人心果药学研究概况

在广泛文献检索基础上,对人心果植物的成分、药理、养生保健价值和栽培技术等进行概述,为全民养生保健提供科学资料。     

Integrated Nutrient Management Affects Fruit Yield of Sapota (Achras zapota L.) and Nutrient Availability in a Vertisol

ABSTRACT

We studied the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) combinations on supplement of plant nutrient for quantitative and qualitative fruit production in sapota. Thus, 17 combinations of INM practices were evaluated on fruit yield of sapota and nutrient availability in a Vertisol of Chambal region, India. The results demonstrated that almost all treatment combinations comprised of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), i.e. 1,000:500:500 g NPK plant^?1 with application of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients had a significant effect on the fruit yield of sapota, soil microbial biomass, NPK content of leaf, fruit and soil over control (T₁). Among different treatments, application of 2/3rd part of RDF + 50 kg FYM + 250 g Azospirillum + 250 g Azotobacter plant^?1 (T₁₁) significantly enhanced the number of fruits plant^?1 (327.88), yield plant^?1 (29.03 kg) and yield ha^?1 (4.52 t). However, the soil microbial count of fungi (8.89 cfu g^?1 soil), bacteria (11.19 cfu g^?1 soil) and actinomycetes (5.60 cfu g^?1 soil) at fruit harvest was higher under the 2/3 of RDF +10 kg vermicompost + 250 g Azospirillum + 250 g Azotobacter plant^?1 (T₁₅). The leaf nitrogen content (N, 2.03%) was higher in T_15, while phosphorus (P, 0.28%) and potassium (K, 1.80%) content were higher in T₁₁. It is evident that treatment T₁₁ increased fruit yield by 32% in Sapota cv. Kalipatti compared to control. Therefore, combined application of nutrient sources proved not only beneficial for enhancing fruit yield of sapota but also sustaining soil health in Chambal region of south-eastern Rajasthan.     

南宁市人心果梢部主要刺吸害虫的初步研究

广西南宁市郊区及人心果引种基地调查研究结果表明,南宁市人心果梢部刺吸害虫有同翅目、半翅目、缨翅目,共3目17 科29种,其中以同翅目为最多,有13科21种。主要的梢部刺吸害虫种类有褐软蜡蚧、红蜡蚧和垫囊绿绵蜡蚧。幼树比成年树被害严重。     

人心果高压苗和嫁接苗繁育技术

人心果是一种具有广泛用途的珍稀热带、亚热带果树.但由于其树体富含胶液,苗木繁育较为困难.通过对人心果高压苗、嫁接苗繁育技术深入细致地研究,总结出了一套比较成熟的人心果苗木快繁技术方案,详细阐述了高压苗繁育技术中高压时期的选取、枝条的选择、压条方法、高压苗的假植与管理,嫁接苗繁育技术中砧木苗的培育、嫁接时间、接穗的采集与处理、嫁接方法及注意事项、嫁接苗的管理等,对开发利用人心果这一珍稀果树资源和促进我国人心果产业发展具有重要意义.