Purple nutsedge tuber sprouting

Purple nutsedge ( Cyperus rotundus L.) tubers remain viable for several years and serve as its principal means of survival. The maintenance of high moisture content is essential to tuber survival. Apical dominance influences bud dormancy within a tuber and in a chain of tubers, and dormancy increases with tuber age. Several growth inhibitors were identified in tubers, but their role in tuber dormancy has not been established. Moisture levels in soil must increase to a critical level before sprouting occurs, but excess soil moisture deters sprouting. Oxygen may be a limiting factor for tuber sprouting in waterlogged soils. Although light is not a requirement for sprouting, it has promoted sprouting. Temperature regulates sprouting; no sprouting occured below 10°C and above 45°C. Optimum sprouting occurred between 25 and 35°C when provided with constant temperatures. However, daily alternating temperatures greatly stimulated sprouting. A daily short duration (0.5 h) of high temperature increased sprouting to nearly 100%, whereas less than 50% sprouting occurred without the daily high temperature pulse. Bud break occurred readily for most tubers at 20°C and in nearly 100% of the tubers with a single 0.5 h exposure to a high temperature (35°C) pulse. However, most buds did not elongate if the tuber remained at 20°C. Bud elongation occurred at higher temperatures, and daily alternating temperatures stimulated shoot elongation up to eightfold greater than at the respective mean constant temperatures. Daily soil temperature fluctuation may be a major signal for purple nutsedge emergence, such as when the plant canopy is removed, or when soils are solarized. Future research is needed to determine tuber sprouting for different ecotypes, and on the role of the rhizome chain. Systems to manipulate sprouting may provide new strategies for purple nutsedge management.     

Diseases of the Oil Palm

Abstract

Thirty two diseases and disorders affecting the oil palm in Africa, Southeast Asia and South America are described with their distribution, economic importance, etiology and control. Of these, nine diseases are considered to be of major economic importance, 19 are of minor importance, and four are due to nutrient deficiencies. The major diseases causing serious economic losses are freckle (Cercospora elaeidis), blast (Pythium splendens and Rhizoctonia lamellifera), vascular wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis). Ganoderma trunk rot (Ganoderma spp.) and Armillaria trunk rot (Armillariella mellea) in Africa; Ganoderma trunk rot, Corticium leaf rot (Corticium solani). Marasmius bunch rot (Marasmius palmivora) in S.E. Asia; sudden wilt and spear rot in S. America. Some of the diseases and disorders of minor economic importance recorded in these areas are anthracnose (Botryodiplodia palmarum, Melanconium sp. and Clomerella cingulata), dry basal rot (Ceratocystis paradoxic), patch yellows (Fusarium oxysporum), crown disease, Cylindrocladium leaf spot (Cylindrocladium macrosporum), algal spot (Cephaleuros virescens), bronze streak, ring spot and little leaf in Africa; Curvularia leaf blight (Curvularia eragrostidis), Leptosphaeria leaf spot (Pestalotiopsis spp.) infectious chlorosis, upper stem rot (Phellinus noxius), stem wet rot, charcoal base rot in S.E. Asia and Leptosphaeria leaf spot and coconut wilt disease in S. America. Little is known, however, about the disease problems in the smaller but rapidly expanding oil palm growing areas of Thailand, Papua New Guinea, India and Sri Lanka. Infectious chlorosis, bronze streak and ring spot have a suspected virus etiology; little leaf, spear rot and stem wet rot are attributed to bacteria and leaf chlorosis, mid-crown yellowing, orange frond and hook leaf to nutrient deficiencies. The etiology of some minor disorders including brown germ, crown disease and several miscellaneous abnormalities is unknown.

Effective control measures, based on the application of various chemicals, have been devised for the leaf diseases but other than precautionary cultural operations, there are no such effective and practical control measures for the root and stem diseases. For this latter group of diseases field transplanting or resistant or tolerant varieties seems to be the best method of control. Seeds selected for tolerance to vascular wilt are being produced on a commercial scale at the Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research, Institut de Recherches pour les Huiles et Oleagineux in Ivory Coast and the Unilever Plantations in Cameroun Republic. These efforts need to be supplemented by breeding for resistance to the other major diseases.     

MC顶空萃取-热解吸-GC/MS法研究香附指纹图谱

采用新型搅拌棒萃取器(MC)顶空萃取-热解吸-气相色谱/质谱(TD-GC/MS)方法分析香附中的挥发性成分,优化了MC萃取、解吸等条件,并对方法重现性进行考察,30个峰的相对峰面积的RSD均小于8.6%。继而测定了不同产地的香附样品,建立指纹谱图,标定44个共有峰,占总峰面积90%以上。并对图谱进行相似性评价及聚类分析,研究表明该法可为香附药材质量控制、产地选择提供理论依据。     

3种农药对蔗田杂草香附子的防除效果及其安全性评价

研究旨在明确75%氯吡嘧磺隆WDG、25%硝磺·莠去津OD和73%甲·灭·敌草隆WP等对蔗田香附子的防除效果及其安全性。采用田间试验方法,分别调查了喷施不同药剂处理的甘蔗和香附子的叶色变化情况,香附子地表植株、根和地下球茎（或芽）的死亡率。结果表明,75%氯吡嘧磺隆WDG对香附子地上部分、根和地下球茎（或芽）防效均达90%以上且对甘蔗安全;73%甲·灭·敌草隆WP可有效控制香附子地表植株和根,但对地下球茎（或芽）防效较低;25%硝磺·莠去津OD仅能使香附子地表植株变色,对香附子根和地下球茎（或芽）几乎无效。75%氯吡嘧磺隆WDG对香附子防治效果好且对甘蔗安全,可作为蔗田香附子防治的轮换药剂,使用剂量以90、135 g/hm²为宜。     

4种除草剂防除甘蔗田恶性杂草试验

香附子为甘蔗田间恶性杂草,严重影响甘蔗生产.采用田间小区试验方法进行4种除草剂防除蔗田香附子的田间药效试验,结果表明:56％香莎一剑WP在杂草4～6叶期施用可有效防除香附子,药后45d株防效及鲜重防效均超过92.0％,对甘蔗安全性好,田间推荐剂量在840～1680a.i.g/hm2为宜.     

神经生长因子免疫反应产物在鸡产蛋期圆核中表达的变化

采用免疫组织化学SP法,对鸡繁殖期间脑中圆核内神经生长因子的表达及变化进行了研究。间脑冰冻切片,DAB显色,计算机图像分析。结果发现在120d出现NGF免疫阳性神经元,随时间推移,NGF表达显著增高,于240d达到表达高峰,后随日龄增加表达下降,到产蛋后期,NGF免疫反应最弱。结果表明 神经生长因子的表达,与视觉信息的刺激和生殖状况具有一定的相关性。     

Infection of Myxobolus turpisrotundus sp. n. in allogynogenetic gibel carp,Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch), with revision of Myxobolus rotundus (s. l.) Nemeczek reported from C. auratus auratus (L.)

Infection of a Myxobolus species, previously identified as Myxobolus rotundus, was detected in 182 of 7892 (2.31%) allogynogenetic gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio, in a closed pond culture system in China. Morphological and molecular data showed that this myxosporean is a different species from M. rotundus parasitizing Abramis brama in Europe and is thus designated as a new species, Myxobolus turpisrotundus. M. rotundus (s.l.) ex C. auratusauratus is a synonym of M. turpisrotundus. Plasmodia of M. turpisrotundus develop in the subepidermal tissues of the body surface resulting in an unaesthetic appearance and causing severe economic losses. Prevalence of infection with the myxosporean plasmodia varied seasonally, increasing in winter and decreasing in spring. Prevalence was positively correlated to host size, but no host sex‐specificity was found. No infection was observed in other fish species (grass carp, bighead carp and yellow catfish) reared in the same pond, suggesting that the parasite has a relatively strict host specificity. Plasmodia grew gradually as the parasite developed, and reached up to a maximum 5.6 mm in diameter. Plasmodia ruptured naturally to release the mature spores and host fish completely recovered with no mortality. Release of spores and regeneration of lesions were not correlated with water temperature. Histology showed that plasmodia developed sub‐epidermally, and that the wall of the plasmodia was composed of a multiple complex structure, including layers of fibroblasts, a collagenous membrane, melanophores and a layer of cup‐like cells of unknown derivation and function. The cup‐like cells are in direct contact with pre‐sporogonic stages located in the peripheral parts of the large plasmodia. No severe host inflammatory response was seen.     

兔圆小囊免疫功能及其与肠道粘膜局部免疫关系的研究 Ⅳ.实验性感染肠球虫兔的圆小囊上皮间淋巴细胞及杯状细胞定量观察

本研究对半月龄、５周龄和２月龄兔口服感染４种兔肠球虫后，圆小囊绒毛粘膜上皮间淋巴细胞和杯状细胞以及圆顶两侧粘膜上皮间淋巴细胞和杯状细胞的数量变化情况进行了观察分析。结果表明：感染后，５周龄组第４天、第５天圆顶两侧粘膜上皮间淋巴细胞、２月龄组绒毛粘膜上皮间淋巴细胞显著增加，其余组上皮间淋巴细胞同对照组相比，差异不显著。杯状细胞数量的变化呈现相对的不规律性：半月龄组和５周龄组圆顶两侧粘膜上皮间杯状细胞数量呈增加趋势，而在２月龄组和５周龄组绒毛粘膜上皮间杯状细胞数量则呈减少趋势。这些结果表明，圆小囊的局部细胞免疫机制可能在机体抗球虫免疫中起着非常重要的作用。     

13种除草剂对甘蔗田恶性杂草香附子的防除效果试验及评价

利用13种除草剂对栅栽香附子进行芽后茎叶喷雾药效对比试验，并对药效较好的除草剂进行了安全性评价。结果表明，在试验条件下，豆磺隆、甲磺草胺、太阳星、灭草松、2甲4氯在剂量较高时药效较好，达75％以上；宝成、秀百宫、百垄通等对香附子的防治效果最好，达90％以上，且能杀灭再生根茎。在防效最好的除草剂中，秀百宫的药害较轻，宝成的药害较重。百垄通的药害最重，使甘蔗难以恢复生长。一些混用的组合表现较高的选择性。     

香附生产栽培技术标准化规程

为了提高香附的栽培水平、规范种植者的行为,推行香附栽培标准化,通过多年香附栽培经验,依据国家有关无公害药用植物标准要求,从香附生产的园地选择与建园、土肥水管理、病虫害防治和采收等技术方面对香附生产栽培技术标准化规程进行了初步总结。该标准化规程适用于无公害药用植物香附生产,为香附的大规模人工种植提供了技术依据。