论节能式炉气体木材干燥室的设计

本文讨论了节能式炉气干燥室设计的一些技术问题，如提高自生风引力增强通风；多种传热方式并用，增强传热，降低热损失的途径等，以达到节能降耗、快速干燥的目的。     

Effects of high temperature kiln drying on the practical performances of Japanese cedar wood (Cryptomeria japonica) I: changes in hygroscopicity due to heating

The effect of heating on the hygroscopicity of Japanese cedar wood was investigated as a simple evaluation of thermal degradation in large-dimension timber being kiln-dried at high temperatures (>100°C). Small wood pieces were heated at 120°C in the absence of moisture (dry heating) and steamed at 60°, 90°, and 120°C with saturated water vapor over 2 weeks, and their equilibrium moisture contents (M) at 20°C and 60% relative humidity (RH) were compared with those of unheated samples. No significant change was induced by steaming at 60°C, while heating above 90°C caused loss in weight (WL) and reduction in M of wood. The effects of steaming were greater than those of dry heating at the same heating temperature. After extraction in water, the steamed wood showed additional WL and slight increase in M because of the loss of water-soluble decomposition residue. The M of heated wood decreased with increasing WL, and such a correlation became clearer after the extraction in water. On the basis of experimental correlation, the WL of local parts in large-dimension kiln-dried timber was evaluated from their M values. The results indicated that the thermal degradation of inner parts was greater than that of outer parts.     

马占相思木干燥工艺的研究

马占相思属速生树种,其人工林木材径级小,幼龄材含量高,易干燥,但容易产生皱缩及内裂,宜采用低温软基准,且干燥过程中要增加调湿处理次数,减少表层的干燥应力及塑性变形,采用气干和窑干联合干燥方式时,不仅有效避免皱缩及内裂等干燥缺陷,而且可缩短干燥时间,减少能源消耗,降低干燥成本。     

辐射松与杉木在高温干燥中萜烯类释放浓度研究

以40 mm厚的辐射松(Pinus radiata)和人工林杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolat)锯材为对象,研究高温干燥过程中干燥温度和锯材含水率对萜烯类产物释放浓度的影响,并与辐射松常规干燥中的萜烯类释放浓度作比较。高温和常规干燥过程中采抽气样次数均为5次,抽气速度为1.0 L/min,采样时间为30 min,采用Tenax管收集干燥过程中萜烯类产物,用气相色谱仪分析其成分及浓度。结果表明:高温干燥辐射松萜烯类释放浓度高于常规干燥辐射松与高温干燥人工林杉木,但萜烯类挥发物的组分有所差别。常规干燥辐射松锯材萜烯类释放浓度对环境是安全的,然而在高温干燥过程中,尤其在干燥中后期,当萜烯类挥发物浓度大于1.5 mg/m3时,对辐射松和人工林杉木释放萜烯类挥发物应采取回收措施,以确保对环境的安全。     

论越地不同时期茶文化对越窑茶具制作的影响

茶具是越窑生产的重要青瓷产品,唐代前后因制茶技法、饮茶习俗的不同,越瓷茶具的质地、釉色和纹饰都存在质的差异。汉魏、晋隋、唐至五代、北宋四个历史时期,越窑为了适应当时人们的饮茶需要,生产出各具特色的青瓷茶具。越窑青瓷茶具的演变,从另一个侧面反映了越地茶文化的发展。     

双牌山区虎爪姜贮藏技术初探

虎爪姜是一种具有高营养价值和药用价值的特色农作物,主要分布在湖南省双牌县的山区。由于虎爪姜的生长周期长,收获后易受潮变质,导致产量和品质下降,给种植户带来经济损失。本研究旨在探讨双牌山区虎爪姜的贮藏条件和方法,以延长其保鲜期和提高其商品价值。本研究采用了建窑贮藏法,并对窑洞的选址和建设进行了优化。结果表明,横窑贮藏法能有效降低虎爪姜的水分含量和呼吸强度,抑制其腐烂和发芽,保持其色泽和风味,延长其保鲜期至6个月以上。建议在双牌山区选用坡度适中、土层厚实、排水良好、通风透光的砂岩建设横窑洞,以保证虎爪姜的贮藏效果。     

Spatial patterns of past wood exploitation,natural wood supply and growth conditions: indications of natural tree species distribution by anthracological studies of charcoal-burning remains

In close-to-nature silviculture one strives to derive the advantages of the natural adaptations of tree species to different growth conditions. Evidence of the natural distribution of tree species is obtained through vegetation science (recent ground vegetation, primeval forest relicts), studies of old written sources, and pollen and macrofossil analyses. Here we have analysed macrofossil samples of charcoal kiln sites and the recent ecological conditions in the vicinity of these sites, as well as secondary written sources on forest and land-use history. From charcoal analysis of kiln sites we were looking for spatial patterns of past tree species exploitation, with special regard to regional and local differences in the forest growth conditions and the natural wood supply. Therefore, we selected remote forest areas characterised by a high density of kiln sites and significant differences in the ecological conditions. The sample sites ranged over a landscape profile of 40 km, covering many ecological site types. The anthracological results of 181 post-medieval kiln sites were evaluated, considering two spatial scales: the total 40-km profile and a fine-scale profile of 4 km. Considering the charcoal material analysed as a whole, all of the tree taxa to be expected based on the natural conditions were found. The frequencies of the exploited taxa also reflected a natural situation. Wood of the climax vegetation, Fagus, Abies and Picea, was mainly used and all other taxa were quantitatively unimportant. The results for the individual sites showed considerable differences in taxa composition, from which regular spatial patterns of the past tree species distribution were deduced. These regional and local patterns are explained by natural differences in the ecological conditions in the vicinity of the sample sites. At the same time, new indications of the natural tree species composition of our forests are inferred. A pronounced dependency of charcoal production on the local natural wood supply is discernible. No indications of tree species selection or forest degradation could be found.     

Moisture content variability in kiln-dried <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gmelina arborea</Emphasis> wood: effect of radial position and anatomical features

Gmelina arborea is one of the most important species for plantation in tropical areas. However, high variability in final moisture content (MC_f) is a problem in the drying process. This study sought to determine the variability in MC_f in relation to distance from the pith (DP), and anatomic elements. Boards of 1.2 cm in thickness obtained from bark to the pith from 15-year-old plantation trees were dried in a pilot kiln. Anatomical characteristics, initial moisture content (MC_i), and specific gravity (SG) were also determined. Pearson correlation matrix was conducted between MC_f and the other variables. DP, fiber length, and ray width were correlated negatively with MC_f, while fiber diameter was positively correlated. Other studied anatomical properties showed no statistical correlations. Other wood properties such as SG and MC_i showed some influence on MC_f. DP can be considered as a good practical predictor for MC_f in G. arborea because some wood properties are related to MC_f. However, other wood characteristics that are not related with DP also influence MC_f, such as the presence of sapwood, MC_i variation between and within trees, fiber diameter, and ray width. These results suggest that MC_f variation in G. arborea is difficult to determine.     

珍稀树种醉翁榆木材性质及用途的研究

对产于安徽省滁州市瑯琊山醉翁亭附近的珍稀树种—醉翁榆(Ulumnsgaussenii cheng)进行了野外调查、木材解剖特征、木材物理力学及化学性质测试、木材干燥和加工实验。根据所得数据综合分析证明,醉翁榆树干高大,树形美观,繁殖容易,不仅可作观赏树木,而且木材纹理通直,花纹美丽,为建筑、高级家具及工艺美术等优质用材。     

24种南方阔叶树材的干燥特性及窑干基准

通过对24种南方阔叶树材进行100℃干燥试验和窑干试验,说明了这些树种的干燥特性,提出了这些树种适宜的干燥基准。试验结果指出,多数树种在实际窑干试验中发生降等的倾向与100℃试验中发生的干燥缺陷是一致的,但少数树种不一致,这些树种的预定干燥条件需要通过多次窑干试验加以修正。