Insulin induced LPL mRNA expression in THP-1 macrophage and acceleration of transferring the macrophage to foam cell

AIM:To investigate the effect of insulin on ox-LDL transferring the THP-1 cells to foam cells and influencing the LPL mRNA expression in THP-1 cells.METHODS:THP-1 cells were incubated with 50 mg/Lox-LDL and insulin at concentrations of 10 mU/L, 100 mU/L, 1 000 mU/L and 10 000 mU/L, respectively. The expression of LPL mRNA in cells was detected by RT-PCR. Lipoprotein lipase of THP-1 cells was presented by no-specific lipase staining. THP-1 cells were stained with oil red O. Accumulation of total cholesterol (TC) in THP-1 cells was determined with oxidase assay.RESULTS:In 100 mU/L、1 000 mU/L、10 000 mU/L insulin groups, LPL mRNA expression increased 2 times, the average cell perilength was longer, the percentage of positive oil red O staining cells was significant higher, the content of cholesterol in THP-1 cells was higher than in ox-LDL control (P＜0.05).CONCLUSION:Insulin accelerates transferring of THP-1 cells to foam cell with exposed to ox-LDL because LPL mRNA expression increased in the cells.     

Effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitor-induced insulin resistance on glucose and lipid metabolism in rats

AIM:To investigate the effects of milrinone (a selective phosphdiesterase III inhibitor PDE₃) on insulin secretion, blood glucose, plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and dose-response relationship, and assess possible effects of milrinone on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in conscious rats.METHODS:The catheterized nonstressed rats were administered by the varying doses of milrinone (1, 5, 25 μmol/kg) and were compared with controls. A hyperinsulinaemic- euglycaemic clamp was established in awake rats, and milrinone(25 μmol/kg) and 25% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, as a control) were given at 120 min during hyperinsulinaemic- euglycaemic clamp. Glucose turnover was decided by gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC-MS).RESULTS:After dosing, plasma FFA levels in 3 milrinone groups significantly increased compared with the controls and before dosing. The percentages of elevation of FFA by the different milrinone doses were very similar, 50%, 52%, 55% for 1, 5, 25 μmol/kg respectively at 2 min after dosing. Plasma insulin levels were significantly elevated in the 5 and 25 μmol/kg groups, and the effect of milrinone on glucose concentration was detectable only 25 μmol/kg group. During hyperinsulinaemic clamp, there were significant increase in plasma FFA (from 173.1±15.2 to 633.8±87.3 μEq/L) and hepatic glucose production (HGP), and a significant decrease in glucose infusion rates (GIR) (to about 21%).CONCLUSION:These data suggest that milrinone impaires the abilities of insulin to suppress lipolysis and HGP, and insulin-mediated glucose utilization in peripheral tissue. Therefore, milrinone administration may induce an acute insulin resistancein vivo.     

Effect of insulin on the secretion of VEGF and its receptor in serum-free cultured bovine thoracic aortic endothelial cells

AIM: This study was designed to investigate the secretion of VEGF and its receptor (flt-1 or flk-1/KDR) protein by cultured bovine thoracic aortic endothelial cells treated with various insulin concentrations. METHODS: Endothelial cells was isolated from bovine thoracic aorta, and cultured in serum-free medium, then incubated with different insulin concentrations (30 mU/L, 300 mU/L, 3 000 mU/L). The level of VEGF and its receptor (flt-1 or flk-1/KDR) protein were detected by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: As compared with no insulin group, the expression of VEGF protein in low insulin concentration (30 mU/L and 300 mU/L) groups were significantly increased (P＜0.01). The expression of VEGF protein in high insulin concentration (3 000 mU/L) group was significantly decreased (P＜0.05). Howerer, no difference of the expression of VEGF receptor (flt-1 or flk-1/KDR) protein among all groups (P＞0.05) was observed. CONCLUSION: Low concentration insulin up-regulates the VEGF protein expression while high concentration insulin down-regulates the VEGF protein expression in bovine thoracic aortic endothelial cells, but insulin had no directly effect on the VEGF receptor (flt-1 or flk-1/KDR) protein expression in bovine thoracic aortic endothelial cells.     

Differences between primiparous and multiparous dairy cows in the inter-relationships between metabolic traits, milk yield and body condition score in the periparturient period

During the early postpartum period dairy cows mobilize fat and muscle to support lactation. This is associated with alterations in blood metabolite and hormone profiles which in turn influence milk yield and fertility. This study developed models to determine how metabolic traits, milk yield and body condition score were inter-related at different times in the periparturient period and to compare these relationships in primiparous (PP, n=188) and multiparous (MP, n=312) cows. Data from four previous studies which included information on blood metabolic parameters, parity, milk yield, body condition score and diet were collated into a single dataset. Coefficients of polynomial equations were calculated for each trait between -1 week pre-calving and week +7 postpartum using residual maximum likelihood modelling. The completed dataset was used in a multiple correlation model to determine how the best fit curves were related to each other over time. PP cows had higher concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and lower beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations throughout, higher leptin concentrations pre-partum and both the peak in non-esterified fatty acids and the nadir in urea concentration occurred earlier after calving. These differences were associated with significantly lower milk production. Leptin concentrations fell at calving and were related to body condition score. Insulin was negatively correlated with yield in MP cows only. In MP cows the relationship between insulin-like growth factor-I and yield switched from negative to positive between weeks +4 and +7. Both beta-hydroxybutyrate and urea were positively related to yield in PP cows. In contrast, in MP cows beta-hydroxybutyrate was negatively correlated with yield and urea was strongly related to body condition score but not yield. These results suggest that there are differences in the control of tissue mobilization between PP and MP cows which may promote nutrient partitioning into growth as well as milk during the first lactation.     

牛肌肉卫星细胞向胰岛素分泌细胞的诱导转分化研究

肌肉卫星细胞是源自中胚层的肌源干细胞,具有增殖分化融合成肌管并形成肌细胞的能力.在体内条件下,肌肉卫星细胞不可能跨胚层分化为内胚层来源的胰腺细胞.本研究从牛(Bos taurus)胎儿肌肉中分离培养得到肌肉卫星细胞,并在体外条件下将其诱导成胰岛素分泌细胞.在诱导过程中,分析了与胰腺发育相关的胰十二指肠同源基因盒1基因(pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1,PDX1)、神经原素3基因(neurogenin 3,NGN3)、淀粉酶基因(Amylase)和胰岛素基因(Insulin,INS)的动态表达情况.结果表明,PDX1作为决定胰腺分化发育和胰岛功能的主要调节基因,在诱导分化的第2天能够检测到其mRNA的表达,在第3天表达量达到了最大,第4天以后维持在较低水平.NGN3是内分泌细胞形成非常重要的转录因子,是能够将胰岛素分泌到胞外的关键基因,其mRNA在分化诱导的第3天开始表达,第4天达到最高水平,之后逐渐下降.Amylase是胰腺发育中细胞外分泌相关的基因,Amylase mRNA在第6天才开始表达,8d后达到最高.INS mRNA表达量在11～12 d最高,酶联免疫吸附分析(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)发现,诱导形成的胰腺细胞能够正常分泌胰岛素,培养液中胰岛素的浓度在诱导的11～12 d达到最高值.向培养液中添加葡萄糖后,可使细胞的胰岛素分泌量显著提高,说明诱导得到的细胞类似于成体胰岛的功能,其胰岛素分泌受外界葡萄糖浓度的调节.上述结果表明,肌肉卫星细胞可以被诱导转分化为胰岛素分泌细胞,并对培养环境中的葡萄糖刺激做出应答反应.本研究结果为进一步的研究和临床应用提供基础资料.