花尾榛鸡的救助方法

花尾榛鸡是国家Ⅱ级保护动物，由于非法盗猎、天敌的侵害、严寒的影响，使花尾榛鸡受到伤害，因此需要采取多种方法进行人为救助。     

花尾榛鸡(Bonasa bonasia)在韩国温带林中的季节性移动特征(英文)

This study were carried out in the Experimental Forest (37( 48' 10" N, 127( 48' 50" E) of Gangwon Forest Development Institute, Gamjeong-ri, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do Province, Korea from Dec. 1999 to Jul. 2002. Eight individuals (three males and five females) of hazel grouse were captured and they were marked with a 14-g necklace-type transmitter. The surveying results showed that females were more active than males throughout the year, but males were more mobile than females in spring. The degree of movement for females and males was similar from summer to winter. The overlap degree of habitat was very large from spring to autumn. Hazel grouse had greater shifts in area use in winter. They used similar area from spring to autumn, made a shift in their habitat use in winter, and then shifted back to the previous habitat.     

野生与人工饲养条件下花尾榛鸡卵孵化率的比较

20 0 3年5月～2 0 0 4年6月,在黑龙江省带岭林业局采用人工孵化技术,对野生花尾榛鸡卵和人工饲养花尾榛鸡卵的孵化率及其影响因素进行比较研究,野生花尾榛鸡卵的孵化率为74 4 0 % ,人工饲养条件下花尾榛鸡卵的孵化率为4 1 4 1%。对孵化率进行T检验,其T =7 830 ,df=10 ,T >t10 ,0 0 1=2 76 4 ,差异极其显著。分析认为,产生花尾榛鸡卵孵化率差异主要是因所食食物和栖息生境的不同所致。     

Marking of deer fences to reduce frequency of collisions by woodland grouse

Recent studies of the effects of deer fences on tetraonids have concluded that fences are an important cause of mortality in woodland grouse. This 2-year study involving 16 sections of fences in the Scottish Highlands evaluates the effectiveness of making fences highly visible by using orange netting to reduce bird collisions with fences. A total of 437 collisions involving 13 bird species were recorded. Red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) formed 42% of all collisions, with black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) 29% and capercaillie (T. urogallus) 20%. Allowing for corpse removal by scavengers, an estimated 70% of red grouse and 29% of black grouse collisions were fatal. Black grouse and capercaillie both collided with 11 of the 16 fences at mean rates of 1.3 and 0.9 collisions km⁻¹ year⁻¹, red grouse collisions occurred at 13 fences, with a mean rate of 1.6 collisions km⁻¹ year⁻¹. Fewer grouse collisions occurred in the summer. Three quarters of black grouse collisions were by males. Collision rates were positively correlated with indices of black grouse and capercaillie abundance. Fence marking reduced capercaillie collisions by 64%, black grouse by 91% and red grouse by 49%. Although marked fences reduced capercaillie collision rates, they still remained an important cause of mortality. To conserve capercaillie, fences need to be removed altogether pending increased deer culls that would allow woodland regeneration without fences, or “grouse friendly” fences designed.     

中国黑琴鸡东部分布区资源现状及巢址生境评价

应用截线法、访问法、交尾地调查相结合的方法对我国黑琴鸡东部分布区资源现状进行了调查,并对该分布区巢址的林型、食物丰富度、隐蔽级、干扰级、距水源距离、坡向、坡位、坡度、巢位、海拔高度共10项生境因子进行分析。结果显示:我国东部分布区黑琴鸡种群数量为(24 785±2 737)只。河北围场县塞罕坝林区种群密度最高,达到(7.28±0.875)只/km2,内蒙古红花尔基林区种群密度次之,为(5.347±0.645)只/km2,河北木兰围场林区种群密度第三,为(3.94±0.474)只/km2。在该分布区中,影响巢址选择的生境因子主要有距水源距离、食物丰富度、隐蔽级、林型、坡向和干扰级,其中塞罕坝林区、红花尔基林区和木兰围场林区是黑琴鸡巢址选择的最佳生境。     

Absence of three known benzimidazole resistance mutations in Trichostrongylus tenuis, a nematode parasite of avian hosts

Benzimidazole (BZ) resistance is widespread in nematode parasites of livestock, but very little is known about the levels of BZ resistance in parasites with avian hosts. We investigated BZ resistance in Trichostrongylus tenuis, a nematode parasite of red grouse, Lagopus lagopus scotica. BZ anthelmintics had been in use in this system for up to 15 years, yet existing phenotypic evidence for resistance was inconclusive. We screened 1530 individuals from 14 populations at the principal β-tubulin locus for BZ resistance (isotype 1, residue 200) and 940 of these at two further resistance sites (isotype 1, residue 167; isotype 2, residue 200). No BZ resistant genotypes were found. Alternative mechanisms may be responsible for BZ resistance in this system, or the method and timing of treatments may reduce selection pressure for BZ resistance by creating substantial refugia for susceptible genotypes.     

Importance of habitat type classifications for predicting ruffed grouse use of areas for drumming

To incorporate ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) habitat planning in forest management, it is necessary for managers to understand factors contributing to grouse habitat use. Previous studies examining ruffed grouse drumming habitat documented relationships between drumming grouse and broad vegetation categories (e.g., northern hardwoods, young aspen [Populus spp.], oak [Quercus spp.]), but few studies have documented how drumming grouse respond to ecological variations in site conditions of aspen or other vegetation types that might be used. Our objectives were to determine the utility of habitat type classifications in predicting the occurrence of ruffed grouse drumming habitat in the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and demonstrate how classifications may be used to understand how forest management may affect ruffed grouse habitat. We used survey routes on state land and conducted drumming surveys during mid-April and early May at 78 points in 2005 and 2006. We recorded the number of drumming males heard at each point, the azimuth to where the grouse was heard, and a qualitative measure of distance to determine in which forest stands grouse were drumming. Using GIS, we determined the specific vegetation type, age class, and habitat type, evaluated habitat suitability, and determined a suitability score for areas in which grouse were drumming. We constructed a logistic regression model that calculated the probability of grouse use of areas for drumming based on vegetation characteristics at used and random locations. Our results indicated that the probability of grouse use of an area for drumming is based on inherent site characteristics (i.e., habitat type) and habitat suitability. The model is useful for planning forest management activities and understanding how grouse may respond to spatial or temporal changes in vegetation through succession or manipulation.     

不同处理对平欧杂种榛嫩枝扦插生根效果的影响1）

为了探索新疆主栽平欧杂种榛优良品种的快速繁殖方法,以“新榛1号”（84－254）为试材,采用L9（34）正交试验方法,研究扦插基质类型、插条枝段部位、激素种类、激素质量浓度4个因素对“新榛1号”当年生半木质化枝条扦插生根能力的影响。结果表明：影响“新榛1号”扦插生根的主导因素是插穗部位,其次是扦插基质,激素种类的影响最小。选用V（草炭土）∶V（锯末）∶V（珍珠岩）＝3∶2∶1做基质,插穗为插条上部,激素为2000 mg／L的ABT1号时,能达到最佳生根效果。     

Micromorphological studies on the small intestine and caeca in wild and captive willow grouse (Lagopus lagopus lagopus)

The present study describes the micromorphology of the small intestine and caeca of wild and captive willow grouse. The micromorphology of the small intestine was similar in wild and captive birds, while typical differences were apparent in the caeca, Wild grouse had ciliated epithelium without goblet cells in the neck part of the caeca, captive birds had strongly atrophied cilia and a high number of goblet cells. The epithelium of the body part of caeca of wild birds lodged a great number of spiral-shaped microorganisms and amoebae, which were absent in captive birds. Both the caecal villi and the longitudinal folds were much larger in wild than captive grouse. In the captive grouse the caecal lamina propria was heavily infiltrated with mono-nucleated cells and very often also with polymorphonucleated heterophilic leucocytes.Since only first generation captives were used in this study, the differences in gut morphology of captive and wild grouse must be due to different food and environmental conditions and not to genetic selection.