Extractive components and taste aspects of fermented fish pastes and bean pastes prepared using different koji molds as starters

We have evaluated four commercially available mold starters (SP-01, NY, M1, and “for kome miso”) for fermented fish pastes with the aim of determining the effect of different koji molds on the nutritional and sensory characteristics of the fermented product. Comparative studies among different fermented fish and bean pastes were also conducted. Protein contents were considerably higher in the fermented fish pastes (22.7–24.1%) than the fermented bean pastes (8.2–12.8%). Free amino acids, oligopeptides, organic acids, mineral content, and sensory scores of the fermented fish pastes were superior to those of the bean pastes in terms of nutritional aspects. Sensory evaluation of fermented fish and bean pastes clearly indicated that different koji molds used as starters had little effect on the taste of the fermented fish pastes. However, in terms of nutritional and sensory characteristics, fermented fish pastes from trash fishes were found to be both commercially valuable and a potential gain to food processing firms among the many new generic fermented food products becoming available.     

Determinants of yield in a non-timber forest product: Copaifera oleoresin in Amazonian extractive reserves

Developing sustainable extractive industries in otherwise intact tropical forest regions requires a sound understanding of the production potential of key resource populations. The oleoresin extracted from Copaifera trees is an economically important non-timber forest product harvested throughout the lowland Amazon basin. We studied oleoresin extraction from four species of Copaifera trees with known harvest histories within two contiguous extractive reserves in western Brazilian Amazonia. We conducted a large-scale experimental harvest of 179 previously unharvested Copaifera trees, in both seasonally flooded (várzea) and adjacent unflooded (terra firme) forests. The likelihood of trees yielding any oleoresin was principally determined by their species identity: C. multijuga was the only species to regularly yield oleoresin (70% of trees). Yield volumes varied both amongst species and forest types: C. multijuga (restricted to terra firme forest) had the highest mean yield of 505 ml, whilst C. guyanensis produced higher volumes of oleoresin in várzea (139 ml) than terra firme (15 ml) forest. Intraspecific differences were driven mainly by tree size. To assess extraction sustainability, we reharvested a sample of C. multijuga trees and compared the oleoresin production of 24 conspecific trees that had been initially harvested one year previously with that of 17 trees initially harvested three years previously. Reharvested trees produced just 35% of the oleoresin volume compared to that when originally drilled, but this response was not affected by the time interval between consecutive harvests. We demonstrate that, within a population of Copaifera, both morphological and environmental factors restrict total productivity; consideration of these factors should inform sustainable management practises. We additionally raise methodological considerations that may improve the comparability of studies.     

新疆千叶蓍抑菌作用研究

[目的]研究不同方法提取的千叶蓍提取物的抑菌活性,并且测定千叶蓍提取物的最低抑菌浓度和最低杀菌浓度,为千叶蓍的开发利用提供依据.[方法]分别用热提取法和冷浸法提取千叶蓍的有效成分,以大肠杆菌、青霉和部分病原菌等作为供试菌种,采用Bauer-Kirby法（滤纸片法和微量2倍连续梯度稀释法试验）对几种常见菌株进行体外抑菌试验.[结果]千叶蓍的浓度85％乙醇、浓度95％乙醇、石油醚和乙酸乙酯提取物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、变形杆菌和灰霉等都有抑菌效果.浓度85％乙醇提取物对大肠杆菌的MIC为0.031 25 g/ml,MBC为0.062 50 g/ml;对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为0.062 50 g/ml,MBC为0.125 00 g/ml;对变形杆菌的MIC为0.062 50 g/ml,MBC为0.125 00 g/ml.[结论]不同方法提取的千叶蓍提取物均有一定的抑菌作用.     

Study on chemical constitution of benzene and alcohol extractives ofTraceutron Sinense Olive

The wood powder ofTetracentron Sinense Olive was extracted with the benzene and alcohol (2:1 v/v). Then, the extractive is analyzed in Gc and Gc-Ms. Twenty chemical constitutions of the extractive are separated and identified, which are as follows: calamenene; 2.6,10-trimethyldihexyl; 3-methoxybenzaldehyde; Methyl-4-methox-_ybenzoate; 4-methoxyphenylacetone; 3.4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde; 3.4-dimethoxyhypnone; methyl-3.4-dimethoxybenzoate; Methyl-4-methoxyphenylacrylate; 4,4′-dimethoxycabonyl-diphenylethane; Methyl-3, 4,5-erimethoxybenzoate; Methyl-3.4-dimethoxyphenylacrylate; Methyl-myristate; Methyl-palmate; Methyl-zoomarate; Methyl-stearate; Methyl-oleate; Methyl-arachidate; Methyl-behenate; Dimethylazelate.     

溴酚兰—丁基罗丹明等色染料离子对萃取光度法测定微量铜（Ⅱ）

基于铜，邻二氮菲和溴酚兰形成Ｃｕ：ｐｈｅｎ：ＢＰＢ为１：３：１的三元配合物且丁基罗丹明Ｂ与溴酚兰形成经ＢＰＢ：ＢＲＢ为１：３的等色染料离子对，建立了等色染出子对萃取法测Ｃｕ的新方法，该法摩尔吸光系数为２．８６×１０＾５Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１线性９．４４×１０＾－７－８．６５×１０＾－５ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１。     

STUDY ON CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION OF BENZENE AND ALCOHOL EXTRACTIVES OF TRACEUTRON SINENSE OLIVE

Thechemicalconstitutionsoftheextractivevaryquitindifferentfamily,genusandspecies.ThisVariancecanbeidentifvedmucheasierthanthevariancesofcollulose,semicolluloseand1ignin.Thusthestudyofchemicalconstitutionsofextractiveisanimportantbranchofphytochemistryandchemicalplanttaxonomy.TetracentronSinenseOliveisaspecialbroad-leavedspecies.Therearetracheidsbutnovessel.Bothcharactersofbroad-leavedandconiferspeciespresentinonespecies-Thusthestudyofchemicalconstitutionsoftheextractivefromthisspeciesisquite…     

Effects of impregnation of simple phenolic and natural polycyclic compounds on physical properties of wood

The impregnation of various simple phenolic and natural polycyclic compounds into wood was investigated from the viewpoints of vibrational property and dimensional stabilizing effect. When simple phenolic compounds were impregnated, the loss tangent (tan ) in the longitudinal direction increased linearly with increasing weight gain. Meanwhile, among the natural polycyclic compounds hematoxylin decreased the tan drastically by impregnation. It was suggested that the five hydroxyl groups and the pyran ring oxygen in the hematoxylin molecule contribute to formation of the crosslinkage-type hydrogen bonds between wood components. The rigidity of hematoxylin molecules may also be important. By impregnation of about 10% catechol, resorcinol, and saligenin, a 40% level of antiswelling efficiency (ASE) was attained, although a significant dimensional stabilizing effect was not observed after impregnation of natural polycyclic compounds.Part of this work has been published as a Rapid Communication inMokuzai Gakkaishi 43(12). It was also presented at the 48th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Shizuoka, April 1998     

食用菌DNA提取方法研究

DNA是最重要的遗传物质，因此，DNA的提取方法和技术是生物化学及分子生物学最基本的技术，也是生物工程最常用的技术，为了得到足够纯的食用菌DNA进行基因和遗传操作，已经报导了各种样的提取DNA的方法，但是都比较复杂。本论文通过对多种提取方法对多种食用菌的研究，得出一种操作简便，不需要昂贵仪器设备，用时短，产品纯度高，即适合大规模生产，又能体现食用菌生物学特性的食用菌DNA提取技术。     

Impacts of land use, anthropogenic disturbance, and harvesting on an African medicinal liana

African medicinal plant species are increasingly threatened by overexploitation and habitat loss, but little is known about the conservation status and ecology of many medicinal species. Mondia whitei (Apocynaceae, formerly Asclepiadaceae), a medicinal liana found in Sub-Saharan Africa, has been subject to intensive harvesting and habitat loss. We surveyed M. whitei in Kakamega Forest, the largest of three remnant Kenyan forests known to contain the species. In 174 100 m² plots, we quantified the status of M. whitei and investigated its relationships with land use, disturbance and harvesting. With average adult densities of 101 plants/ha, M. whitei is not locally rare in Kakamega. However, the absence of flowers and fruits, together with a spatial disconnect between adults and juveniles, suggests that sexual regeneration is patchy or infrequent. Comparing among habitat types, we found that plants were most abundant in regenerating indigenous forest managed by the Forest Department, which permits some extractive uses. Conversely, plants were largest in indigenous forest managed by the Kenya Wildlife Service, which prohibits extractive uses. Most anthropogenic disturbances were not associated with M. whitei, but plant occurrence and density were higher along paths used by livestock than along other types of paths. Larger individuals appeared to be preferentially harvested, but adult plants were more likely to occur in harvested plots than un-harvested plots. This work emphasizes that restrictions on disturbance and extractive use do not automatically promote medicinal plant conservation. Moreover, harvesting may have important genetic and demographic consequences that are overlooked by studies focused on numerical losses.     

Brazil nut conservation through shifting cultivation

The regeneration of Brazil nut trees depends on tree-fall gaps in the forest. However, shifting cultivation fallows also create comparable biotic and abiotic opportunities for the dispersion and establishment of this gap-loving species. At the same time, the ability of Brazil nut trees to resprout enables fallow individuals to survive successive slash-and-burn cycles. Recognizing the importance of shifting cultivation for the food security of forest dwellers, we investigated whether the high level of Brazil nut regeneration found in cultivation fallows could be explained by the resprouting capability of Brazil nut trees, the number of cultivation cycles, past agricultural use and distance to the nearest conspecific productive adults. We found that the Brazil nut tree population density increased from 8.86 trees ha⁻¹ to 13.69 trees ha⁻¹ and 27.09 trees ha⁻¹ at sites after one, two and three or more shifting cultivation cycles, respectively. As a consequence of resprouting, after a certain number of shifting cultivation cycles, the fallows become dominated by Brazil nut trees, and the landholders may decide to preserve them and to exclude enriched sites from future agricultural use. Protected for their extractive value, the secondary forests spontaneously enriched with Brazil nut trees are allowed to develop into nut-producing forests that have reduced chances of conversion into crops or pastures, thus reversing the classical process of Amazon forest degradation.