新疆阿尔泰山两河源国家级自然保护区树附生地衣群落物种分布与环境关系的研究

为了查明阿尔泰山两河源国家级自然保护区树附生地衣物种组成成分,以及探讨影响该地区树附生地衣群落分布格局与环境因素之间的关系,以附生地衣覆盖度为指标,应用除趋势对应分析(DCA)对样点进行分组,运用典范对应分析(CCA)分析附生地衣分布与环境因素的关系,结果表明:1)阿尔泰山两河源自然保护区树附生地衣共有49种隶属于15科30属。2)根据DCA分析将该地区树附生地衣划分为3个样点组,样点组1共有地衣22种,总盖度为2.639%,物种多样性指数为1.603;样点组2共有地衣27种,地衣总盖度为3.717%,物种多样性最大为1.972;样点组3:共有地衣12种,地衣总覆盖度为1.036%,物种多样性最小量为0.871。3)CCA排序结果表明:低海拔区,人为干扰强度高,地衣多样性较低;中海拔区,森林郁闭度高,湿度适中,干扰较少,地衣多样性较高;高海拔区,森林郁闭度较低,树种较少,光强度较强,干扰较少,主要以壳状地衣为主,多样性较低。     

河北省武安国家森林公园地衣调查初报

对采自武安国家森林公园地衣种类进行了鉴定与分类,初步确定地衣15属21种,其中河北省地衣新记录种1种：裂果双缘衣Diploschistes actinostomus（Pers.）Zahlbr.,并对21种地衣的基物、地理分布特点以及新记录种的形态特征作了初步的讨论。     

裙带菜配子体与孢子体的附生微生物群落组成分析

裙带菜(Undaria pinnatifida)是一种重要的大型褐藻,具有较高的经济和食用价值。藻类的附生微生物既能通过代谢产物调控宿主藻类的生长发育,特定条件下又可能导致病害。了解裙带菜附生微生物群落组成对研究裙带菜与附生微生物间的相互作用、种质资源的有效保存以及防治藻类病害等有重要意义。现有研究大多集中于海带和紫菜,关于裙带菜的附生微生物,特别是不同生活史的对比研究还很少。本研究通过16S rRNA基因高通量测序发现,裙带菜配子体和孢子体的附生细菌群落组成有明显差异,配子体样品中的细菌群落丰度和多样性均大于孢子体。配子体中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(66.67%)为第一优势菌门,其次为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)(13.48%)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)(11.13%),α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)(34.58%)为第一优势菌纲,其次为γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)(31.01%);而孢子体中蓝细菌门(95.67%)占绝对优势,其次为放线菌门(Actinobacteria)(1.65%)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)(1.48%)。裙带菜样品经18S rRNA基因测序检测出链形植物(Streptophyta)、纤毛虫门(Intramacronucleata)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、顶复亚门(Apicomplexa)、节肢动物门(Arthropoda)、硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)、脊索动物门(Chordata)、腹毛动物门(Gastrotricha)、子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和毛霉菌门(Mucoromycota),其中,担子菌门、子囊菌门和毛霉菌门属于真菌,孢子体的真核微生物群落丰度大于配子体。本研究确定了裙带菜配子体和孢子体附生微生物群落组成以及不同细菌和真核微生物的相对丰度,结果表明,2个世代之间存在显著差异,为后续研究藻类宿主与微生物之间的相互作用、提高海带目褐藻种质保存技术提供了基础的数据支持。     

新疆北部树花属(Ramalina Ach.)地衣生态分布与地理区系成分的初步分析

新疆北部山脉生态环境多样,是地衣植物生长分布的理想区域.根据多年的实地调查资料和前人研究资料,对新疆北部树花属(Ramalina Ach.)地衣的种类以及它们的分布区、区系成分和垂直分布进行了初步的研究.结果表明,分布在新疆北部的树花属地衣共有8种,它们分别是撕裂树花Ramalina dilacerata(Hoffm.)Hoffm.、粉树花Ramalina farinacea(L.)Ach.、岩生树花Ramalina intermedia (Del.ex Nyl.)Nyl.、裂树花Ramalina minuscule Nyl.、钝树花Ramalina obtusata(Arn.)Bitt.、粉粒树花Ramalina pollinaria(Westr.)Ach.、中国树花Ramalina sinensis Jatta、亚细长树花Ramalina subleptocarpha Rundel & Bowler等主要分布在天山和阿尔泰山.同时根据它们对环境的适应特征和选择性, 将新疆北部树花属地衣的地理分布区类型划分为如下2种:(1) 环北方种R.pollinaria,R.intermedia、 (2) 两极-大西洋种R.obtusata.研究还发现分布在阿尔泰山和天山的树花属的垂直分布有明显的差异.     

提取地衣真菌总DNA的简便方法

利用液氮破碎地衣体的上下表皮层及藻层，再用氯化苄在弱碱条件下破坏真菌细胞壁，从而获得地衣真菌总ＤＮＡ．此方法简便、省时、价廉，获得的总ＤＮＡ蛋白质污染少，产量高，可进一步进行ＰＣＲ扩增．     

Biodeterioration of historic timber structures: A comparative analysis

Abstract

Service life of timber structures in the north of Europe is decreased mainly by biological agents. Increasing risk of biological infestation due to global warming is widely discussed nowadays. Historic timber structures which have been monitored for decades provide us with valuable information on this subject. An investigation of the structures in the Kizhi museum, located in the northwest of Russia was carried out in the 1970s and in 2011–2012. Identification of wood-decay fungi that destroy constructive elements of seventeenth- and nineteenth-century monuments showed that the most frequent damages are caused by brown rot fungi. At the same time, imperfect fungi and ascomycetes which cause soft rot began to play a significant role in damaging historic timber structures. Borers (Hadrobregmus pertinax L. and H. confusus Kraaz) play the leading part in reducing the service life of seventeenth- and nineteenth-century heritage objects. During a forest inventory, some wood-borers not registered previously as timber structure pests in the Kizhi archipelago region (Republic of Karelia, Russia) were found. Twenty-seven species of foliose and fruticose lichens and ten species of crustose lichens were found on the monuments' structural elements.     

A simple substrate to produce the tropical epiphytic algae Hypnea pseudomusciformis

The seaweeds Hypnea spp have been used as a direct human food, for carrageenan extraction, and exploitation of chemical compounds of interest. Nevertheless, its culture is still undeveloped because of difficulties in managing the epiphytic habit. Therefore, this study focuses on obtaining a suitable substrate for Hypnea pseudomusciformis settling and developing associated to a simple and efficient system to produce this red alga in tropical coastal regions of South Atlantic. We developed a substrate comprised of a 1 cm diameter polypropylene cable with 60 cm length, which was totally shredded. This structure allows that the epiphytic algae grow settled on the substrates and not only appended to it. A modular long-line structure comprised of 1 m polypropylene braided cables with two substrates spaced 30 cm each. Testing the prototype in a seaweed small-farm resulted in a growth rate of 5.66 % day⁻¹ and a productivity of 0.64 kg m⁻¹ in 45 days. This simple patented technology may base used the development of the culture of H. pseudomusciformis in familiar or industrial scales.     

湖北省地衣1个新记录属和3个新记录种

通过对后河国家级自然保护区地衣资源进行调查,发现湖北省地衣1个新记录属,即癞屑衣属,对应3个湖北省地衣新记录种,分别为膜癞屑衣、灰白癞屑衣、淡蓝癞屑衣并对其形态特征进行了简要描述,为湖北省地衣资源研究和利用提供新资料。     

天山一号冰川岩面生地衣群落主要种群生态位特征的研究

为了查明天山一号冰川岩面生地衣群落主要种群对环境资源的利用特点及其分布格局,沿海拔梯度设立15个样方,利用生态位宽度和生态位重叠指数,分析了30种岩面生地衣的生态位特征,并以生态位重叠值为指标,应用聚类分析和主坐标排序法对它们进行了分类,用最小生成树对其种间关系进行分析。结果表明:大部分的岩面生地衣生态位宽度属于中等偏窄,其中丽石黄衣Xanthoria elegans(Link) Th. Fr.和地图衣Rhizocarpon geographicum(L.) DC.的Shannon-Wiener和Levins生态位宽度指数最大,广泛的分布在研究区不同海拔的各个样方,对环境适应能力强,对群落结构具有重要作用。研究区地衣种对间生态位重叠现象普遍,但大部分重叠值偏低,物种间形成了生态位的分化,且生态位宽度和生态位重叠值之间无明显相关。最小生成树反映了地衣种对间在生境因子上的相似性,与聚类分析和主坐标排序结果一致,将30种岩面生地衣分成3个生态类群。     

Recovery of Pantoea ananatis, causal agent of center rot of onion, from weeds and crops in Georgia, USA

Center rot of onion, caused by Pantoea ananatis, has been a problem of sweet onions in Georgia since 1997. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol was developed to screen for populations of P. ananatis on plant surfaces. Plant samples producing a positive PCR reaction were targeted for further processing to culture the bacterium. In a survey of the Vidalia onion-growing region of Georgia, we detected and cultured P. ananatis from 25 asymptomatic weed species, which included commonly occurring weeds such as crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), Florida beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum), Florida pusley (Richardia scabra), sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia), Texas Millet (Panicum texanum), tall verbena (Verbena bonariensis) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus). In addition, the bacterium was recovered from crop plants such as Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and soybean (Glycine max). Based on the field survey and tests with strains held in storage in the Coastal Plain Experiment Station culture collection, we concluded that P. ananatis was in Georgia prior to 1997, and was distributed widely on weeds and crops throughout southern Georgia.