Beaver dams,streamflow complexity,and the distribution of a rare minnow,Lepidomeda copei

Freshwater fishes are threatened globally, and often too little is known about threatened species to effectively guide their conservation. Habitat complexity is linked to fish species diversity and persistence, and degraded streams often lack habitat complexity. Beaver Castor spp., in turn, have been used to restore streams and increase habitat complexity. The northern leatherside chub Lepidomeda copei is a rare, small‐bodied, drift‐feeding minnow that has anecdotally been observed to use complex habitats associated with beaver dams in the western United States. To investigate this anecdote, we conducted fish and habitat surveys, the latter focusing on quantifying habitat complexity, in a sub‐basin of the Upper Snake River Basin in the USA. Complementary generalised linear model and path analyses revealed that northern leatherside chub occurred more often at sites with complex streamflows, and streamflows were more complex when beaver dams were present and pools were deeper. Northern leatherside chubs were also more likely to occur when temperatures were warmer, aquatic macrophytes were abundant and stream channels were narrow and deep. The linkage between chubs, complex streamflows and beaver dams needs to be evaluated more broadly to completely understand its role in the rangewide status of the species. However, it does suggests that increased use of beaver reintroductions and dam analogues for stream restoration could be a boon for the northern leatherside chub, but such efforts should be monitored to determine their effectiveness to help adapt beaver‐based restoration approaches to best benefit the species.     

Cohort‐specific variation in juvenile coho salmon habitat use

In this study, we examined summer and fall freshwater rearing habitat use by juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the quickly urbanising Big Lake drainage in south‐central Alaska. Habitat use was assessed by regressing fish count data against habitat survey information across thirty study sites using generalised linear mixed models. Habitat associations were examined by age‐0 and age‐1+ cohorts separately, providing an opportunity to compare habitat use across different juvenile coho salmon life stages during freshwater rearing. Regression results indicated that the age‐0 cohorts were strongly associated with shallow, wide stream reaches with in‐stream vegetation, whereas age‐1+ cohorts were associated with deeper stream reaches. Furthermore, associations between fork length and habitat characteristics suggest cohort‐specific habitat use patterns are distinct from those attributable to fish size. Habitat use information generated from this study is being used to guide optimal fish passage restoration planning in the Big Lake drainage. Evidence for habitat use partitioning by age cohort during freshwater juvenile rearing indicates that pooling age cohorts into a single “juvenile” stage for the purposes of watershed management may mask important habitat use dynamics.     

A test for interaction between brown trout (Salmo trutta) and inanga (Galaxias maculatus) in an artificial stream

Abstract –  The interaction between brown trout ( Salmo trutta ; fork length (FL) range 255–390 mm) and inanga ( Galaxias maculatus ; FL range 55–115 mm) was tested during summer through autumn in an artificial stream consisting of a single run-riffle-pool sequence with a natural food supply. Each experimental trial lasted for 15 days, and consisted of two brown trout and 50 inanga collected fresh from a nearby stream, with each species given prior residence in four replicate tests, totalling eight trials in all. In addition, two control trials (each 10 days), with 50 inanga in each, were run. Brown trout almost exclusively occupied the pool, whereas inanga occupied all habitat types, although in different proportions, when tested with and without brown trout. The proportion of inanga in the pool was appreciably lower in the experimental trials with brown trout than in the control trials with no brown trout; prior residence had no significant effect on inanga habitat use. Mortality of inanga attributable to predation by brown trout ranged from 0 to 40% with a mean of 14.5 ± 4.7%. The results suggest that habitat use and survival of inanga populations in small streams can be adversely affected by brown trout.     

北疆棉区不同杂草上草蛉发生密度及季节消长

本研究于2015—2017年通过扫网法系统调查了北疆棉田周边17种常见杂草上草蛉种群密度与季节动态.结果表明:北疆棉区杂草带上共有6种草蛉分布,其中普通草蛉Chrysopa carnea(占64.8％)、叶色草蛉C.phyllochroma(占25.8％)为优势种.草蛉种群密度在不同杂草上存在显著差异,紫花苜蓿、大麻上...     

深圳红火蚁蚁巢密度、社会型研究及防治效果评价

本文报道了深圳红火蚁生境类型与蚁巢密度的关系,社会型的鉴别以及应用茚虫威对多后型和单后型、多后型共存地区的防治效果。红火蚁的蚁巢密度（巢/100 m2）与生境类型密切相关,在所调查的5类生境中,待建地的蚁巢密度最高,为3.81巢/100 m2,公路边的次之,为2.95巢/100 m2,城市绿地的最低,为0.63巢/100 m2。应用多元PCR技术对6个行政区社会型进行鉴别的结果表明,福田、龙岗、南山区为多后型与单后型共存,单后型与多后型的比仅为1∶(3~4)。罗湖、宝安、盐田3区全部为多后型;多后型地区的蚁巢密度（2.2巢/100 m2）比单后型地区（1.9巢/100 m2）的为高,但没有显著差异;应用茚虫威进行防治60 d后的调查结果表明,多后型地区的防治效果（97.8%）比单后型地区（96.7%）的要好,但没有显著差异。最后,本文对这些结果产生的原因及应用价值进行了讨论。     

中国特色蝗灾治理技术体系及应用成效

中国有数千年蝗灾发生为害的历史,建国初期在政府的组织领导下,在科研人员和广大群众的努力下,提出并实施了“改治并举”的策略,改造东亚飞蝗发生基地近2/3,同时大规模使用化学农药进行防治,初步形成了以改造蝗虫发生基地为特色的蝗灾治理技术体系,经过长期实践,蝗灾得到有效遏制,保障了我国粮食生产安全和社会稳定,取得了世界瞩目的成绩。自20世纪80年代起,随着利用蝗虫微孢子虫Nosema locustae和绿僵菌Metarhizium spp.等微生物的治蝗技术获得突破性进展,我国已经形成了以生态控制（改造蝗虫发生基地）为基础,以生物防治为核心,以信息技术为辅助的具有中国特色的蝗灾治理技术体系,并走在国际前列。该技术体系的长期大规模应用,不但在有效防治蝗灾保障我国粮食安全生产、避免大规模使用化学农药造成环境污染和生态失衡等方面发挥了重大作用,而且也在支援国际蝗灾治理中做出了贡献。最后对未来蝗灾治理的关键问题和发展方向进行了探讨。     

甘南夏河高寒草甸高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔秋季栖息地特征

2010年至2014年连续5年对甘南夏河高寒草甸高原鼢鼠(Eospalax bailyei)和高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)的分布与其地形、植被因子等进行了调查,分析两小型哺乳动物秋季越冬前的栖息地利用特征。结果表明,其秋季栖息地利用与地形和植被特征显著相关。高原鼠兔易选择坡地、半阳坡和坡中位的地形,而高原鼢鼠易选择平地、阳坡和坡底位的地形;植被盖度是影响高原鼠兔分布的重要因子。地上生物量非中等的平地是两小哺乳动物共存的主要分布地,两小型哺乳动物的种群动态与植被盖度和生物量均显著相关(P0.05);鹅绒委陵菜(Potentilla anserina)、花苜蓿(Melissilus ruthenicus)、柴胡(Radix bupleuri)和美丽风毛菊(Saussurea pulchra)4种植物多度与两小型哺乳动物的分布显著相关。     

不同生境下云南蓝果树幼苗生长状况分析

对人工种植在关坪和景洪2个区域内的3个不同生境条件下的云南蓝果树幼苗生长情况比较得出：2011年,关坪区域林窗地块内幼苗的平均基径和平均苗高分别为1.5cm和1459cm,非林窗地块内则分别为1.0cm和101.3cm,而景洪区域幼苗的平均基径和平均苗高分别为1.9cm和121.5cm;2013年3个地块的平均基径和平均苗高分别为3.7cm和2996cm、2.3cm和1954cm、55cm和381.3cm。景洪区域的幼苗基径和苗高增长变化最为明显,其次为林窗地块,变化最小的是非林窗地块;2013年不同生境条件下云南蓝果树的生长差异极显著。     

塔吉克斯坦苦盏市周边地区夏季鸟类群落多样性

2012-2013年6月至？月份在塔吉克斯坦北部苦盏市周边地区采用点计数法对包括森林草原、荒漠草原、戈壁荒漠、果园、农田等5类有代表性的生境开展鸟类群落多样性调查;同时将涉及的鸟类按食性和捕食区域划分捕食集团研究了不同群落捕食集团的组成特点,结果表明不同生境的鸟类可划分为5类群落,其中农田鸟类种类较丰富香农威纳指数和均匀性指数在5种生境中均最高;森林草原中鸟类种类最少香农威纳指数和均匀度也最低;各种生境条件下群落中杂食性鸟种数比例均为最高,调查结果表明塔吉克斯坦传统的种植制度有利于维持农业生态系统鸟类物种多样性此外捕食集团在温带干旱区也有成为生态环境指标的潜力。     

天目山国家级自然保护区黑麂潜在栖息地的生态适宜性

选择黑麂Muntiacus crinifrons为目标物种,对它们在天目山国家级自然保护区的潜在栖息地进行适宜性评价分析,以期对黑麂生境保护提供指导意义。在总结黑麂生活习性的基础上,分析对黑麂栖息地生态适宜性有重要影响的4种因素：植被因子、地形因素、水源距离和人为干扰。对不同因素在一年四季的影响权重综合赋值,结合保护区的自然环境条件,确定黑麂潜在栖息地适宜性评价准则与分析方法。结果表明：由于毛竹Phyllosta~hysedulis林和针叶林的不合理分布和800～1000m海拔处较为强烈的人为干扰,研究区域内黑麂潜在适宜栖息地、次适宜栖息地和不适宜栖息地面积分别为3．2122,3．0222,和2．9922km。,占地比例分别为34．8％,32．7％和32．5％。天日山国家级自然保护区黑麂潜在生境的保护,需要加强对上坡位人为干扰的控制,同时通过建立生态绿道,强化潜在适宜栖息地之间的联系,促进次适宜栖息地向适宜栖息地转化。